Emergency Notification Systems during Hajj: A Case Study Analysis

Abstract

Hajj pilgrimage has 2-3 million pilgrims who belong to 180+ nations every year, which presents multi-faceted emergency communication issues. The existence of proper emergency notification systems (ENS) is very crucial in averting health crises, crowd accidents and environmental risks. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness and preparedness of ENS in Hajj and understand the typologies of the systems, the levels of preparedness and the opportunities to improve. Peer-reviewed literature, governmental reports, and case studies (2009-2025) secondary data analysis of qualitative data of the systematics, along with Pubmed, EMbase, IEEE Xplore, and institutional databases. Thematic analysis of data was done using Saunders Research Onion, Warning-Confirmation-Compliance (WCC) model and Protective Action Decision Model (PADM). 6 ENS typologies were identified: indicator-based surveillance, syndromic surveillance (HEWS), event-based surveillance, iCT platforms, RFID tracking, and broadcast systems. There are critical gaps that are present within systems integration, inter-agency coordination and equitable reach. HEWS 2019 produced 121 alarms and the confirmation rate of 1.65%. Pilgrims in developing countries have systematic deficiencies in notification. Hajj ENS has evidence of technical aptitude but enduring integration, coordination, and inequity deficiencies. Four suggestions: integrated platforms, standardised protocols, mediated communication within the community, bi-directional architecture, broadening functional scope and methodical assessment. Results that could be used in the global mass gatherings.