Neff, StephenAlanazi, Khalid2024-12-082024https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14154/74037This dissertation explores the complex legal frameworks governing NATO military interventions, focusing on the delicate balance between the principle of collective defense and adherence to international law. The analysis begins by examining the legal basis for NATO's military actions under the North Atlantic Treaty, particularly Article 5, which authorizes collective defense, and non-Article 5 operations, including peace enforcement and stabilization missions. Through an exploration of these frameworks and relevant precedents, the dissertation critically assesses the legality and legitimacy of NATO's actions. A key case study is the 1999 Kosovo intervention, where NATO's justification for intervention is analyzed in depth. This includes a review of the background leading to the intervention, NATO’s rationale, and the legal basis invoked, such as the United Nations Charter, the humanitarian intervention doctrine, and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle. The dissertation scrutinizes these justifications to determine their compliance with international law. Finally, the dissertation evaluates NATO's adherence to international law through a detailed analysis of arguments supporting and opposing the legality of the Kosovo intervention. It also assesses the humanitarian impact of the intervention, considering both the intended outcomes and unintended consequences. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate about the legitimacy of NATO interventions and their alignment with international legal standards, offering insights into the broader implications for global peace and security. NATO Military Interventions Legal Frameworks Collective Defense International Law North Atlantic Treaty Article 5 Non-Article 5 Operations Peace Enforcement Stabilization Missions 1999 Kosovo Intervention Humanitarian Intervention Responsibility to Protect (R2P) United Nations Charter Legality and Legitimacy Humanitarian Impact Global Peace and Security International Legal Standards Precedents in NATO Actions Humanitarian Outcomes and Consequences57enInternational lawHumanitarian lawMilitary lawThesis