Insoll, TimothyAltuwayjiri, Tariq2025-11-122025https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14154/76949In the Byzantine Christianity and early Islamic period, coins which are in general used for trade were also seen as a vehicle for political communication and religious expression. This research study analyses coinage of these periods in Egypt and the Levant. The analysis is done by a comparative and interdisciplinary approach. Both the iconographic and epigraphic are analysed with metrological and administrative data such as metal composition, weight, and minting practices. Moreover, to back the chronology and detailed argument made, four case studies (1) a lightweight gold solidus of Tiberius II from Antioch, (2) a gold solidus of Heraclius from Alexandria, (3) an Umayyad silver dirham of al-Walid I from Damascus, and (4) an Abbasid silver dirham of al-Mamun from Fustat have also been discussed. Based on the literature, it has been found that a systematic transition took place from figurative Christian iconography, such as the powerful cross, globus cruciger, and later the bust of Christ to entirely graphic Islamic patterns focused on Quranic declarations of monotheism. Simultaneously, there has been a transfer of the language from Greek and Latin patterns to Arabic writing. Therefore, it can be mentioned that these changes were not just visual or textual, but they reshaped how authority communicated, as the study contends that coins served as everyday instruments of authority and belief, which could project legitimacy, convey ideology, and shape communal identity across many cultures. Also, this study clarifies both continuity of standards, administrative oversight, monetary geography and change of iconography, script, and theological messaging by comparing Byzantine and Islamic materials, demonstrating how small, extensively circulated coins conveyed new political and religious concepts without disturbing the foundational financial economy. These insights enhance numismatics, late historic and early Islamic history, and material culture studies by clarifying the interpretation of coins as indicators of intellectual transformation.81enByzantine coinageEarly Islamic coinageNumismatic propagandasymbolsArabic & Greek InscriptionsMetrology (dinar/dirham standards)Mint administration and geographyUmayyad reformsAbbasid coinageEgypt and the LevantThesis