Podolets, LenaAlhawiti, Sultan2024-11-282024International Lawhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14154/73892With growing of information and communication technologies (ICTs), it has made cyber security a major threat or concerns around the world especially for policy makers and governments in term of protecting their key assets.1 It is because a cyber security poses a great threat to the country’s economic and national security.2 It is also found during previous literature that cyberspace is growing in consideration that it become a fifth domain of warfare alongside air, land, sea, and space. Therefore, cybersecurity is becoming a global phenomenon and problem which countries faces significant threat to their financial systems. There are different cybercrimes around the world such as traditional and real-world crimes which perpetrated on online which can be in the form of cyber-enabled and hybrid crimes.3 With regard to the cybercrime law is mean to provide a protection mechanism against any wrong doers and especially state-sponsored entities in order to protect ICT infrastructure, data systems, prevent from harming people, and protect human rights, and enable prosecution and investigation of crime that commit online and collaborate between countries.4Today evolving threat from cyberspace are real and this allow rogue nation-states to conduct cyber-attack against other states and organisations for different reasons such as gaining access to their system, destroy or disrupting their critical infrastructure and steal critical assets and gain access to their national security. Despite, several legislations are emerged for preventing cybercrimes; however, there is a lack of comprehensive legal framework which can held responsible a rogue nation states who conduct cyber hacking and escape from accountability and punishment. This research main purpose was to investigate and identify the legal and technical attribution within international law regarding the state responsibility, accountability and obligation to prevent cybersecurity breach especially from state sponsored cyber-attacks. This research used doctrine method which involves sources from legal literature including legal documents, cases, books, journals and articles that address subject domain. Research concludes that there are growing concerns related to state sponsored cyber-attacks, cyber warfare, cyber espionage and other cyber-criminal activities; however, there is no comprehensive legal framework to address these challenges. Deterrence theory helps to understand the implication of these challenges and development of legal framework and strategies to prevent such criminal activities. There are few recommendations for government organisations and corporate business to prevent cyber-attacks and other cybercrimes which includes: conduct risk assessment, policies and procedures development, develop training program, security hardening solutions for critical infrastructure environment, enhance organisational cyber posture, and develop collaboration among friendly states.69enLAWCyber-attackCyber warfareCyber espionageLegal frameworkDeterrence theory trainingRisk assessmentR&D.Thesis