Hussain, Farookh KhadeerMistadi, Asma Majed2025-11-242025https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14154/77139Carbon credits are an essential environmental and financial tool in our fight against climate change and global warming. They were developed under the Kyoto Protocol as part of a market-based mechanism to incentivise emission reduction by trading these assets for financial gain. In voluntary carbon markets, they are awarded to environmental projects that aim to reduce, avoid, or absorb carbon emissions from the atmosphere. These markets face several issues including centralisation, double counting, high cost, and a lack of transparency and traceability. This led to fraud and integrity issues and a lack of participation. The current literature is moving towards the use of blockchain technology for its unique features of decentralisation, immutability, security, and transparency. However, it still lacks a valid reliable and accessible methodology for the ownership provenance of those credits in an owner-centric manner that covers the different levels and states of the life of carbon credits since issuance, and it also lacks a post-issuance error handling approach and a subdivision approach for subdividing a single carbon credit to multiple units. In this thesis, our aim is to address these gaps using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and their underlying blockchain technology and smart contracts to build a comprehensive solution to this problem in the form of a Decentralised application (DApp) that tokenises and manages carbon credits as NFTs from issuance until retirement or cancellation which is capable of managing multiple levels of granularity of those credits from micro-to-macro level and also incorporate an NFT-based subdivision of a single carbon credit to multiple units. This will ensure reliable, unique, immutable, and traceable ownership proofs. This thesis contributes to the body of knowledge in three dimensions. It presents a systematic literature review to identify gaps in the current literature and the need for an owner-centric NFT-based approach to the ownership provenance of carbon credits. Furthermore, it includes the development of a decentralised solution TokenizedCarbon (TC) that incorporates several services including the Multilevel Carbon Minting Service (MCMS), the Fractional Carbon Minting Service (FCMS) , the Carbon Retire and Cancel Service (CRCS) and the Intelligent Carbon Minting Service (ICMS) that integrates GenAI into the process to create CC-NFTs which addresses the current literature gaps. Additionally, it includes an evaluation of the proposed solution in simulated local and network environments. This solution takes these important environmental and digital assets and represents them using NFTs which act like an ownership certificate of these assets. This will increase participation, liquidity, integrity, and account ability in these markets, which also promotes global climate goals.313enNFTownership provenanceCarbon CreditsThesis