Laura-Jayne, BradfordAlwuthaynani, Norah2025-11-232025https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14154/77088Sustainability is growing as a global goal in dealing with environmental, social, and economic challenges. Universities play a crucial role in preparing future leaders to implement sustainable practices. This study looked at the level of sustainability awareness among university students in Saudi Arabia's Makkah province. A structured questionnaire, adapted from Alsaati et al., was administered to 384 students across universities in Makkah province. The survey measured sustainability knowledge and behaviour. Results showed that 51.6% of students demonstrated "good" knowledge of sustainability (mean score 4.27/7), while 48.4% had poor knowledge. Recognition of applied concepts was weak: only 30.7% identified wood as a renewable resource, and 23.7% correctly understood recycling preparation. Behavioural outcomes were more concerning: 88% of students were classified as having negative behaviour, with a mean score of 6.54/16. Recycling engagement was low, with only 4.9% constantly recycling and 18.5% using campus recycling stations. By contrast, low-effort habits such as switching off lights (84.4%) and avoiding running water while brushing teeth (69.8%) were widely reported. Correlation analysis revealed no significant association between knowledge and behaviour (r = 0.05; p = 0.327), confirming a pronounced knowledge–action gap. The findings emphasise the importance of structured interventions in turning awareness into practice. Recommendations include incorporating mandatory sustainability courses into curricula, expanding campus infrastructure like recycling facilities, and encouraging student-led projects. Broader collaboration with government and community stakeholders is essential to strengthen sustainability literacy and foster behavioural change in line with Saudi Vision 2030.111enSustainability awarenessEnvironmental literacyMakkah Province (Saudi Arabia)Theory of Planned BehaviourThesis