Browsing by Author "Almutairi, Fahad"

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Comparing the accuracy of thermal imaging and infrared thermometers for foot temperature measurement at varying distances: a repeated measurement study.
(University of Brighton, 2024) Almutairi, Fahad; Jamal, Raneam; Forss, Rachel
Background The use of thermal imaging in podiatry for the early detection of conditions like diabetic foot ulcers is increasing. It is a non-invasive technology critical to identifying the inflammation that can indicate potential ulcers. Methods A quantitative cohort study with repeated measurements was carried out on twelve participants to assess the relative accuracy at varying distances of two technologies: HIKMICRO thermal cameras (HTC) and non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT). Both devices were used to take measurements at specific distances, and the data were analysed for repeated iterations to increase validity. Results The study found that there were no significant differences, for either device, in the temperature readings at any of the distances tested, which demonstrates consistent performance. Based on these results, both HTC and NCIT devices can be recommended for routine podiatric clinical assessments. Conclusion Both HTC and NCIT give reliable measurements of foot temperature, which means that they are appropriate for managing and early diagnosing foot conditions in podiatric settings. However, further research is needed to refine this study's findings and develop standard protocols appropriate to their clinical use.
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Design and Analysis of MIMO Microstrip Patch Antennas for 6G Wireless Communication
(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-20) Almutairi, Fahad; Mehta, Amit
The mobile and wireless communications sector has experienced significant growth in the past decade, transitioning from analog 1G to digital systems like 2G (GSM), 3G to high-data-rate wireless communication, and finally to 6G technology. 6G technology is expected to provide enhanced applications, including mobile communication, spacecraft communication, aircraft communication, submarine communication, and illumination communication. It aims to establish a comprehensive and cohesive coverage network capable of encompassing all modes of communication, achieving global network performance. In May 2018, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) reached a consensus to produce a standard for 6G technology within the framework of International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT), identifying 2030 as a potential timeframe for the introduction of 6G wireless technologies. Meanwhile, the United States Federal Communication Commission (FCC) proposed the use of 6G technology within THz spectrum-based networks, alongside the utilization of spatial multiplexing technologies. Notably, 6G wireless technology uses waves that operate within the frequency range of 0.1-10 THz. The evolution of microstrip antenna technology is crucial in the rapidly expanding field of wireless communications, whereby printed antennas are preferred due to their inherent benefits compared to alternative antenna designs. In particular, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is widely recognized as a highly promising innovation in the field of wireless communication. This thesis presents the development of an antenna design that includes a progression from a single-element antenna to 2-port, 4-port, 8-port, and 64-port MIMO antennas. The primary objective of achieving a target frequency range of 80 GHz to 140 GHz is hereby accomplished successfully. The results of the simulation show positive outcomes in general, leading to the conclusion that the most advantageous layout for the MIMO antenna is a horizontal configuration. This implementation can be employed by individuals aiming to enhance the practical hardware components of the antenna to meet industrial demands.
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Efficacy of Subglottic Suctioning in the Prevention of Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia among Intensive Care Unit Adult Patients
(University of Glasgow, 2024-08) Almutairi, Fahad; Robert, Hart
Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication of invasive ventilation. It is defined as pneumonia occurring 48-hours or more after the initiation of mechanical ventilation. VAP increases the ICU length of stay and mortality rates, resulting in significant healthcare and financial burdens. The VAP bundle is a collection of strategies designed for its prevention. Among these, subglottic secretion drainage (SSD) has been proposed as an effective tool in reducing the incidence of VAP. However, its adoption and effectiveness remain subjects of ongoing debate within the medical community. Aim: This review aims to present a structured appraisal of the efficacy of SSD on its ability to impact VAP rate, ICU length of stay, and mortality. Methods: A systematic literature search across four databases was undertaken to identify studies that satisfied the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research question was developed using the PICO model. The quality of the included studies was evaluated through the CASP checklist. Results: After evaluating the ten included RCTs with a total of 2,354 participants, eight studies demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of VAP. All included studies assessed mortality, but none found a statistically significant reduction. Of the nine studies that assessed ICU length of stay, only one showed a statistically significant reduction in the SSD group. Conclusion: This review concludes, based on the studies appraised, that SSD is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP among adult ICU patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. SSD did not demonstrably reduce ICU length of stay or mortality. Further work is required to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of SSD and its potential to reduce antimicrobial burden independent of ICU length of stay.
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The Accuracy of Foot Temperature Measurement by Thermal Imaging and Infrared Thermometers at Varying Distances: A Quantitative Study
(University of Brighton, 2024-05-31) Jamal, Raneam; Almutairi, Fahad; Fross, Rachel
Background: Thermal imaging is a new technique used in podiatry to detect foot conditions such as inflammation, vascular disorders, and infections. Accurate foot temperature measurements are essential for early detection and management of diabetic foot ulcerations. However, there is a lack of existing research on the effect of distance variation on the accuracy of the measurements. To address this gap, this study reports whether thermal imaging techniques offer similar accuracy to traditional methods when measuring foot temperature at varying distances. Methods: A quantitative study uses a repeated measures design to investigate the accuracy of foot temperature measurement using a Hik Thermal Camera (HTC) and a Non-Contact infrared thermometer (NCIT) at varying distances. The experiment involved measuring known water bath temperature and foot temperature. After 15 minutes of barefoot rest, data were collected from Twelve participants using both devices. One-way ANOVA and paired T-test were conducted to examine if distance variation impacted the accuracy of the measurements. Bland-Altman plots were performed to compare the two devices. Results: The analysis showed no significant differences in foot temperature across three locations using the NCIT where the p-value =0.449 and the HTC p-value= 0.343. A paired t-test within the control group indicated that the most accurate water temperature measurements were obtained at 2.5 cm for NCIT (p-value=0.069). In addition, there were no significant differences among data obtained using HTC (p-value higher than 0.05). The Bland-Altman findings revealed strong agreement between the devices. Conclusions: The study's result indicates no significant differences in foot temperature measurements obtained using both devices across different distances. Hik Thermal Camera (HTC) measurements showed a good agreement with data obtained from a non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT). These findings suggest that podiatrists can use either device for accurate foot temperature measurements. Keywords: Thermal imaging, infrared thermometer, podiatry, diabetic foot ulcer, foot temperature, prevention
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