SACM - United States of America
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9668
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Item Restricted Dentists' Education, Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior concerning the Effects of Pregnant Patients' Oral Health on Pregnancy Outcomes: A National Survey(Saudi Digital Library, 2021-12-08) Khuraybah, Abad; Boynton, James; Majewski, Robert; Salzmann, Larry; Inglehar, Inglehart; Inglehart, Marita RObjectives: Since 1996, there is empirical evidence that pregnant patients’ oral health and pregnancy outcomes are related. The objectives were to assess general dentists’ education, knowledge and professional behavior related to treating pregnant patients’ oral health and how COVID -19 affected dentists’ professional behavior related to the relationship between oral health and pregnancy outcomes Methods: 2,500 surveys were mailed to members of the American Dental Association; 96 were undeliverable and 253 were completed (Response rate: 10.52%). Results: About half of the respondents (50.2%) agreed/strongly agreed that they were well educated about treating pregnant patients in dental school. However, only about a third (34%) were satisfied with this education. The majority knew that periodontal disease was associated with preterm delivery (71.8%) and infants’ birth weight (69.3%), and that pregnant patients can safely undergo basic dental treatment (90%), tooth extractions (82.8%) and root canal treatment (90.3%). The majority delivered fillings (78.4%), periodontal treatment (69.2%) and root canal therapy (66.2%) to pregnant patients. Nearly all dentists delivered routine examinations and cleanings (94%) to these patients and discussed the importance of oral health during pregnancy (91.6%). A total of 38.6% was concerned about legal risks and 38.6% believed there were no guidelines for treating pregnant patients. COVID did not change treatment patterns for the majority of respondents. The better their dental school education was, the more knowledge they had about pregnant patients’ oral health care (r=0.19;p<0.001) and the more likely they were to deliver this care (r=0.30;p<0.001). Conclusions: Increasing educational efforts in dental school and continuing education about the effects of pregnant patients’ oral health on pregnancy outcomes is needed to improve related knowledge and professional behavior.30 0Item Restricted Respiratory Therapy Students’ Perception on Online Learning During COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-17) Alshehri, Faisal; Goodfellow, LyndaBACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, electronic learning (E-learning) has emerged as the primary method for delivering educational materials, particularly within the scope of Saudi Arabian (SA) Respiratory Therapy (RT) education. PURPOSE: To evaluate the perception of E-learning among RT students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by comparing face-to-face learning to E-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey to investigate the perception of E-learning was conducted and distributed using a convenience sample of RT students through an online platform (Google Forms) between September and November 2023. RESULTS: Overall, 221 RT students, with females accounting for 119 (53.8%), replied to the online survey. The study revealed several advantages of E-learning, including the ability to study at home (67.9%), access to online materials (64.7%), and learning at own pace (62.4%). The main disadvantages as indicated by most respondents were the lack of interactions with patients (70.1%), technical problems (56.6%), and reduced interaction with teachers (50.7%). No significant difference in the perceptions of knowledge enhancement between face-to-face and E-learning methods (P = .32). However, E-learning was considered a lower effective method than face-to-face learning for both clinical skill development (P < .001), and social competencies (P < .001). Additionally, respondents reported that they were less actively engaged during E-learning classes compared to face-to-face classes (P < .001). Nonetheless, a significant percentage of respondents (71.9%) claimed that E-learning was an enjoyable experience. CONCLUSION: This research emphasizes the potency of E-learning in terms of increasing knowledge as a valuable tool for educating Saudi RT students. Nevertheless, it highlights the need for a meticulously planned strategy and a proactive implementation approach to effectively implement clinical and social skills E-learning into the educational framework of RT students.37 0Item Restricted Students’ Experiences With Smart Devices in Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-08-25) Aldawsari, Ibtisam; Dignam, Christopher; Kackar_Cam, Hayal; Sennholtz, HillyThe integration of smart devices in the classroom, and particularly regarding its impact on student engagement, has become a significant topic of debate in the education sector. This study aimed to explore students’ perceptions and experiences of how the integration of smart devices affected their engagement with teachers and peers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research addressed concerns and controversies surrounding the use of smart devices in classrooms and investigated their potential positive and negative effects on student engagement. The theoretical framework of activity theory and the conceptual framework of the bioecological student engagement model guided this study. The research adopted a qualitative approach and involved eight randomly-selected student participants. The study employed a blended approach, combining both inductive and deductive methods, and utilized data triangulation through interviews and focus groups. The researcher employed thematic analysis to identify common themes in the data, allowing for a qualitative understanding of the students’ perceptions. The analysis revealed four major themes: short-term benefits, challenges experienced by students, student–teacher relationships, and student–peer interactions. The findings highlighted the importance of smart devices in promoting continuity of learning, leveraging technology for educational purposes, improving communication between students and teachers, and fostering emotional intelligence and conflict management among peers. However, the study also identified challenges, such as interruptions to learning, poor mental health, and the absence of face-to-face interactions.16 0Item Restricted Burnout of Transformational Nurse Leaders(2023-08-05) Alenezi, Latifah; Gillespie, Gordon Lee; Smith, Carolyn; Davis, KermitBackground and Purpose Nurse leaders need to pay attention to their own wellbeing by understanding what leads to burnout. The aims of this dissertation are to: (a) review the evidence and determine how transformational leadership (TFL) characteristics are associated with burnout among nurse leaders; (b) identify the differences in burnout between male and female nurse leaders while considering work-life balance and COVID-19 impact; and (c) investigate the relationship between TFL and burnout by examining the mediating effect of stress, role overload, peer support, and work-life balance. Methods Using PRISMA guidelines, an integrative review and critique of 11 articles was conducted. Personal burnout, work-related burnout, client burnout, work-life balance, and COVID-19 impact were assessed through a gender lens in a sample of 210 nurse leaders using ANCOVA testing. The relationship between TFL and burnout was investigated while examining the mediating effect of stress, role overload, peer support, and work-life balance in a sample of 210 nurse leaders using multiple regression analysis. Results Findings from the integrative review aid in developing a better understanding of the general construct of TFL and burnout among nurse leaders; however, studies exhibited several limitations warranting further research in this area. Females had significantly higher personal burnout than males (Mean 56.2 vs. 49.3, F= 5.853, p = 0.019). Males had significantly higher client related burnout than females (Mean 45.3 vs. 34.8, F= 7.014, p = 0.008). Quantitative data derived from the multiple regression analysis revealed that among transformational nurse leaders, inspirational motivation skills (p <.000, 95% CI [6.8, 2.6]), work-life balance (p = 0.022, 95% CI [5.7, 0.4]), stress (p <.000, 95% CI [4.1, 11.0]), role overload (p <.000, 95% CI [2.2, 5.7]), and peer support (p = 0.001, 95% CI [4.6, 1.2]) were all retained as significant predictors of the burnout score. Conclusions Examining factors that might be linked to burnout is important to increase awareness of the prevalence and impact of burnout in nurse leaders. Future researchers need to engage in meaningful conversations on the role of gender among nurse leaders and investigate TFL skills and their relationships with burnout among nurse leaders.25 0Item Restricted Optimizing the Selection of COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Centers and Allocation Quantities: A Case Study for the County of Los Angeles(2023-07) Aljohani, Basim; Hall, RandolphThis thesis aims to provide a tool to help policy and decision-makers establish well-informed plans about the selection and distribution of locations and quantities of vaccines. Optimization of vaccine distribution centers' locations plays a crucial role in providing communities with easy access to vaccines, which will help in controlling global pandemics, such as the recent COVID-19, and mitigate the risks of losing lives and economic losses. As studies have proven, strategic planning of the vaccine site locations and the allocated quantities of the vaccines could help boost the amount of vaccine uptake. This thesis utilizes mathematical modeling techniques to develop a mixed integer program that aims to minimize travel time, distance, and associated costs in one of the largest counties in the United States, Los Angeles County. The developed model takes into account the diverse demographics and socioeconomic factors of the County and plans for the selection and allocations accordingly. The model explores 277 zip codes within Los Angeles and analyzes them as potential vaccine distribution centers. It also incorporates the two different and most common means of transportation, cars, and public transit, to account for all users. Three scenarios are explored where each zip code of the 277 is assigned priority based on the following factors: population, Healthy Places Index, and a Vulnerability to COVID-19 index. The output showed significant improvements in reducing average travel times and distances as well as savings in costs when compared to the actual selected sites within the County.21 0Item Restricted ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT EXPERTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN SAUDI ARABIA DURING A GLOBAL PANDEMIC AND TRANSITIONS DUE TO SAUDI VISION 2030(2023-08) Alshawan, Fahad Sulaiman; Rothwell, William J; Brendel, William TThis qualitative study interviewed 11 experts about organization development (OD) practices in Saudi Arabia during the massive changes caused by the Vision 2030 national development project and the COVID-19 pandemic. It asked how OD professionals could provide competitive, differentiating value to help Saudi organizations adapt effectively to rapid change. Interviews covered facilitating and hindering factors. Facilitating factors included leaders’ attitudes and support for OD practices, cultural characteristics, change acceleration, communication and collaborative engagement, and effective strategic management. Hindering factors included excessive time and cost, a lack of collaborative engagement, leaders’ negative mindsets and misunderstanding of OD, a lack of human resources, dealing with different attitudes, measuring organizational maturity, COVID-19, the rapid pace of regulations, poor communication, and unequal compensation and benefits. Interviewees recommended leveraging helpful cultural factors, developing unique tools by collaborating with other organizations and experts, leading change as an ongoing process rather than simple projects, investing in talent development to address shortages, prioritizing leadership development, and emphasizing courageous leadership to encourage direct and open conversations about complex issues. The study outlines specific steps to transition Saudi organizations toward better OD practices in order to effectively deal with extraordinary change.19 0Item Restricted Environmental Influences on Food Access And Their Impacts in Turn on Health Conditions in Guilford County, NC(2023-02-24) Almalki, Abrar; Gokaraju, BalakrishnaFood access is a major key component in food security, as it is every individual’s right to proper access of nutritious and affordable food supply. Low access to healthy food sources influences people's diet and activity habits. Guilford County in North Carolina has a high ranking in low food security, and a high rate of health issues, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the geospatial correlation between health issues and food access areas. The secondary objective was to quantitatively compare food access areas and heath issues’ descriptive statistics. The tertiary objective was to compare several machine learning techniques and find the best model that fits health issues against various food access variables with the highest performance accuracy. In this study, we adopted a food-access perspective to show that communities, where residents had equitable access to healthy food options, were typically less vulnerable to health-related disasters. We proposed a methodology to help policymakers toward lowering the amount of health issues in Guilford County by analyzing them via correlation with respect to food access. Specifically, we conducted a geographic information system mapping methodology to examine how access to healthy food options influenced health and mortality outcomes in one of the largest counties in the state of North Carolina. We created geospatial maps representing food deserts, i.e., areas with scarce access to nutritious food; food swamps, i.e., areas with more availability of unhealthy food options compared to healthy food options; and food oases, i.e., areas with relatively higher availability of healthy food options than unhealthy. Our results presented a positive correlation coefficient with R2= 0.819 among Obesity and independent variables, transportation access, income, and population. The correlation coefficient matrix2 analysis helped to identify a strong negative correlation between obesity and median income. Overall, this study offers valuable insights that can help health authorities develop preemptive preparedness for healthcare disasters. COVID-19, or SARS-CoV-2, is considered as one of the greatest pandemics in our mod-ern time. It affected people’s health, education, employment, the economy, tourism, and trans-portation systems. It will take a long time to recover from these effects and return people’s lives back to normal. The main objective of this study is to investigate the various factors in health and food access, and their spatial correlation and statistical association with COVID-19 spread. The minor aim is to explore regression models on examining COVID-19 spread with these variables. To address these objectives, we are studying the interrelation of various socio-economic factors that would help all humans to better prepare for the next pandemic. One of these critical factors is food access and food distribution as it could be high-risk population density places that are spreading the virus infections. More variables, such as income and people density, would influence the pandemic spread. In this study, we produced the spatial extent of COVID-19 cases with food outlets by using the spatial analysis method of geographic information systems. The methodology consisted of clustering techniques and overlaying the spatial extent mapping of the clusters of food outlets and the infected cases. Post-mapping, we analyzed these clusters’ proximity for any spatial variability, correlations between them, and their causal relationships. The quantitative analyses of the health issues and food access areas against COVID-19 infections and deaths were performed using machine learning regression techniques to understand the multi-variate factors. The results indicate a correlation between the dependent variables and independent variables with a Pearson correlation R2-score = 0.44% for COVID-19 cases and R23= 60% for COVID-19 deaths. The regression model with an R2-score of 0.60 would be useful to show the goodness of fit for COVID-19 deaths and the health issues and food access factors.25 0Item Restricted Investigating Ohio Health Commissoners' Perceptions and Experiences with Respect to Decision-Making During the COVID-19 Pandemic(2023-05-01) Alsaheil, Nouf; Hoornbeek, JohnBackground: Public Health (PH) leaders debate the effectiveness of their decisions on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Varying decisions across states and localities illustrate the difficulty of decision-making when confronted with complex and unexpected challenges in PH. Psychologists often frame decision-making as reflecting one of two systems. System 1 is based on experience and instinct. System 2 is based on data and analysis. In PH, many efforts are directed toward supporting evidence-based decision-making; however, scholars confirm that skills and experience play a substantial role in shaping decisions. Skills and experiences appear to become more influential in decisions associated with high-stakes situations, where individuals will depend more on their cognitive, interpersonal, and behavioral skills and less on data because of uncontrollable constraints, such as time, information, and uncertainty. The purpose of this study is to generate a better understanding of the decision-making processes used by Ohio local health commissioners (HCs) as they were dealing with COVID-19 high-stakes situations. Study aims include: examining the thinking styles of expert and novice Ohio HCs regarding decision-making in the context of COVID-19-associated high-stakes situations; identifying factors that impact the decision-making preferences and practices during these situations; and exploring the contextual factors that HCs consider when faced with COVID-19 decisions. Methods: The study applied a convergent mixed-method approach. Quantitative methods were applied to a cross-sectional survey data where the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 survey was used to measure individual differences and their relationships with expressed preferences for using System 1 and 2 thinking. An ANOVA and paired t-test were used to assess differences between Public Health Officials’ (PHOs) experience levels and preferred decision-making systems. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with preferred system thinking. The Critical Decision Method, a semi-structured interview protocol, was used to discover contextual factors that influence the decision-making process of HCs in COVID-19 situations. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Findings: This study found that Ohio HCs prefer using rational over experiential thinking during COVID-19 situations. There were no consistent documented differences between novices and experts except for the reported status of their networks and relationships. The study also identified contextual factors that appeared to influence HCs’ decision-making processes. Themes that emerged from the interviews in relations to these factors included vagueness and uncertainty, senses of urgency, regulation and guidance, autonomy and sense of responsibility, prior experience, networks and relationships, effective communication and teamwork, cognitive skills, and personality traits. Implications: The results inform scientific knowledge and can be used to aid development of hazard-focused training programs and PH curricula. Equipping the PH workforce with necessary leadership competencies to face high-stake situations is an important protective factor to help counteract other uncontrollable factors that arise within the PH sector, including lack of information, time, and budget. The work presented here may be used to improve PHOs' performance, which can lead to better service delivery. Results from this study are also available to preparedness planners to assist in LHDs’ After-Action Reviews/Improvement Plans.9 0Item Restricted CAREGIVER BURDEN AND ADAPTATION OF RELATIVES WITH DEMENTIA DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC(Proquest, 2023-05-15) Omar, Maryam; Bryant, Sharon AThe incidences of dementia are expected to double every 20 years due to an increasingly elderly population. Globally, 50 million people are living with dementia nowadays. The effects of dementia on patients and their families are profound. Hence, caring for a relative with dementia can be quite taxing on caregivers. While dementia caregiver burdens before the COVID-19 pandemic are well-documented, there is a gap in the literature regarding this phenomenon during the pandemic. Thus, it is urgent to fill that gap and investigate the nature and origin of caregiver load during this unique period. Using the Roy Adaptation model (RAM) framework, this convergent, mixed-methods study aims to explore the burden level among informal caregivers of relatives with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic and discover their adaptation methods. A total of 104 participants were recruited using convenience sampling. The study reported some critical stimuli that significantly appeared to affect the caregivers’ burden and adaptation, which were gender, relationship to the care receiver, and race. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggested that the caregivers of dementia relatives reported higher burden scores during the COVID-19 pandemic than before. The seven themes emerged as daily activities and recreations of caregivers and their care recipients during the pandemic (food and diet, outdoor exercises, indoor activities, sleep and rest, communication, and prevention), and four themes of positive experience during the COVID-19 pandemic (spending more time together, take active care of relatives, strength of family relationship, gratitude and appreciation). The knowledge gained from this study has implications for nursing practice, education, and policy- making. In addition, it will help advise the best care for this vulnerable population to adapt to their caregiving role at the critical time of similar disease outbreak circumstances.34 0Item Restricted ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) AND CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19) VACCINES AND THEIR DECISION TO VACCINATE THEIR CHILD AGAINST HPV(2023) Almatruk, Ziyad; Axon, David R; Warholak, TerriBACKGROUND: The WHO classified vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten threats to global health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people had doubt about vaccines. The HPV can lead to several types of cancer. The COVID-19 impact on US HPV vaccination reluctance is unknown. Thus, the aim of the study is to investigate parents' perceptions of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, and HPV vaccination decisions. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational survey was administered using Qualtrics to United States parents with at least one child aged 9–18. The survey consisted of five sections: screening, parent’s perception of general Vaccination, COVID-19, HPV, and demographics. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate the instrument reliability and validity, which included principal component analysis (PCA), scale functionality, person measure, item reliability, and person reliability. A logistic regression model with variables selected using backward elimination (p<0.05) was used to evaluate the associations between parents’ perception of COVID-19 and HPV vaccine decisions. RESULTS: The study included 508 parents. The instrument contained four domains: General Vaccination, COVID-19, HPV, and Parents’ COVID-19 Experience. Except for General Vaccination, PCA showed unidimensionality. Response options satisfied scale functionality analysis. Average person measure was 0.7±8.0 logits. Person reliability was 0.7-0.9, whereas item reliability was 0.9-1.0. Item fit ranged from 0.7-2.1. A few of the difficult items to endorse with were I trust social media and/or TV to tell me the truth about vaccines, I would have my 11 children vaccinated for COVID-19 if their school required it, vaccinating my child against HPV helps to protect others from getting HPV, and I believe the COVID-19 vaccine was approved in a reasonable amount of time. A few of the easy items to endorse were physicians’ address vaccine concerns, there are safe COVID-19 vaccines for children, and I believe in vaccines. The multivariate logistic regression model with backward elimination showed that HPV Domain (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.61 – 2.21), Parents COVID-19 Experience Domain (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.18 – 1.47), and men compared to women (AOR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.37 – 4.47) were significantly associated with parents’ planning not to vaccinate their children with HPV. CONCLUSIONS: Our research offers insight into variables associated with parents’ decisions about children’s COVID-19 and HPV vaccines. More research is needed to improve the HPV vaccine uptake.7 0