SACM - United States of America
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9668
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Item Restricted EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND VOLUNTEERING ACROSS CONTEXTS(The Pennsylvania State University, 2024-05) Nassif, Majda; Mallinson, DanielWith the decline in social capital and volunteering rates in the United States, there is a cause for concern, especially since the decline is evident in college-aged individuals. With limited government spending on social programs and recurring crises like natural disasters and novel disease outbreaks, the need for volunteers will continue to increase. This dissertation investigates how social capital can be utilized to promote volunteering. It studies the relationship between social capital and volunteering at both the institutional and community levels of analysis. The study begins with a comprehensive scoping review of the literature. Chapter 2 examines the relationship between social capital and volunteering. Substantial research examines the causal linkages between social capital and volunteering, but it is scattered across multiple academic disciplines and types of volunteering. Further, researchers consider social capital either as a cause of volunteering, or volunteering as a cause of the growth in social capital. This makes directionality a point of significant debate, which is captured in the review. It also examines the volunteering fields that have been studied, the methods and theories used for these studies, and the specific indicators for measuring social capital. The study finds that most studies confirm social capital is developed through volunteering. It concludes with future research directions addressing the gaps identified in the volunteer sector, theory, methods, and measures. Chapter 3 starts with a broad view of declining government spending and the associated increase in the overall need for volunteers over time. However, this contrasts with the fact that volunteering rates have been declining in recent years, especially among college-aged individuals. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining how social capital and various institutional factors influence volunteering rates among college students. The study utilizes multiple linear regression analysis using data from the Social Capital Atlas and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. The results show a positive association between two of the indicators used to measure social capital and volunteering rates. The results of the study shed light on the critical importance of social capital and other institutional factors on college student volunteering. These insights can guide interventions designed to promote volunteerism. Finally, Chapter 4 examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between social capital and volunteering. Most studies discuss community resilience, whereas others consider COVID-19 policies as a disruptor of social relations with the implemented measures such as masking and social distancing shutdowns. This chapter presents statistical analyses using Census data of US counties to test the relationship between social capital and volunteering before (2018-19) and during (2020-21) the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show the change in the dynamics of the relationship as pre-COVID-19, where higher social capital was associated with lower volunteering rates, whereas during the pandemic counties with higher levels of social capital had higher levels of informal volunteering.34 0Item Restricted Tobacco Smoking Among Saudi College Students: Validation Of An Arabic Health Belief Model Instrument(2023) Alotaibi, Saad Abdullah S; Durgampudi, Praveen; Al-Taiar, Abdullah; Abdous, M’HammedThis dissertation intended to learn more about Saudi college students' behavior in relation to the use of tobacco smoking. Multiple interrelated projects have been carried out in order to achieve this ambitious goal. The goal of the first study was to evaluate the scope of the existing smoking issue as indicated by research, by systematically estimating the prevalence of tobacco use among higher education students in Saudi Arabia. The second study aimed to systematically analyze and integrate the existing information on the determinants of smoking among Saudi college students. The last project aimed to develop a psychometric instrument to evaluate Saudi students' beliefs about cigarette smoking based on a theoretical model. The meta-analysis (Project 1) estimated that the 17% of Saudi students were current smokers. In order to obtain a reliable prevalence rate over time, the study suggested implementing a nationwide surveillance system that measures and monitors Saudi students’ smoking behaviors. The second systematic review (Project 2) determined that individual level factors were the most studied. Another finding was the limited usage of theoretical frameworks. The study advocated for the use of rigorous research methodologies and for the use of multi-level frameworks. The final project (3) was intended to generate and to validate a psychometric property to evaluate students’ beliefs about cigarette smoking, using an individual level framework. The Arabic Health Belief Model questionnaire demonstrated its sound validity and reliability. Future research is encouraged, in order to expand knowledge about smoking behaviors among college students in Saudi Arabia.24 0Item Restricted EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF HBM CONSTRUCTS AND KNOWLEDGE ON HPV VACCINATION UPTAKE AND WILLINGNESS TO RECEIVE THE HPV VACCINE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS(2023) Alsulami, Fahad T; Sánchez, JesúsHPV is the most common STD in the U.S. About 43 million people with HPV infections. Although the HPV vaccine has been available for over ten years and is the most effective approach to preventing HPV infection, vaccination rates are low among college students. This study aimed to measure HPV vaccination rates, HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, and cognitive beliefs among college students across different sociodemographic characteristics. Additionally, it aimed to assess the effect of HBM constructs on HPV vaccination uptake and the willingness of non-HPV vaccinated to get the vaccine among college students. Furthermore, it aimed to assess the effect of acculturation on the HPV vaccination uptake among foreign-born college students. A cross-sectional web-based self-administered survey was used to collect data on 2,843 eligible college students. Chi-square test, independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical logistic regression analysis were used to address the research questions. This study found that about 72% of the college students were HPV-vaccinated, and about 56% of the non-HPV vaccinated college students were willing to receive the vaccine. College students had moderate knowledge of HPV and the HPV vaccine. Hierarchical logistic regression indicated that being male, Black, 26 years old, and with a graduate degree college students, high levels of perceived severity, high levels of perceived barriers, low levels of perceived susceptibly, and low levels of cues to action were significantly associated with decreased odds of being HPV-vaccinated. Among non-HPV vaccinated college students, being male, Black, Hispanic, and Asian college students, high levels of perceived susceptibly, high levels of perceived benefits, and high levels of cues to action were significantly associated with increased odds of willingness to receive the HPV vaccine. Among foreign-born college students, the hierarchical logistic regression final model indicated that age category, perceived susceptibility to HPV, perceived barriers to receiving the HPV vaccine, and cue to receiving the HPV vaccine variables were significantly associated with the HPV vaccination uptake. The results of this study provided significant insights into the HPV vaccination behavior among college students. Further, these findings can be used to develop interventions to increase HPV vaccination rates among college students.28 0