Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/10
Browse
15 results
Search Results
Item Restricted Additive Manufacturing of Continuous Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites Through Combination of Rapid Tow Shearing Deposition and Layer-by-Layer Curing(Cranfield University, 2024) Althomali, Abdulaziz; Skordos, Alex; Asareh, MehdiThis research aims to explore the advancement of an additive manufacturing technique for continuous fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites by combining Rapid Tow Shearing (RTS) deposition with Layer-by-Layer (LbL) curing. This approach aims to address the challenges associated with conventional manufacturing of thermoset composites, such as extended curing cycles, temperature spikes, and defects arising from inconsistent curing. A Finite Element (FE) model was developed to simulate the thermal response of CFRP composites during the LbL-RTS process. Validation results demonstrated a strong correlation between the model predictions and experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the developed model. The integrated process envelope was investigated through a set of simulations. Findings from the study illustrate that the LbL-RTS process can effectively reduce temperature overshoot by up to 30°C compared to traditional monolithic curing methods, thereby helping maintain material integrity and minimise the risk of thermal degradation. In addition, a parametric analysis is conducted to uncover the impact of varying deposition speeds on temperature profiles. The study found that for every 0.5 mm/s increase in deposition speed, the temperature overshoot rises by 5°C. However, higher deposition speeds at 100% IR power reduce temperature spikes by 6°C. Future improvements include adding mechanical properties in FE to predict and understand mechanical behaviour. Developing a deposition head that combines RTS benefits with an embedded flash lamp for irradiating tapes during deposition. Mechanical tests such as peel ply or Interlaminar Shear Strength on LbL-RTS samples would assess the interfacial and structural integrity of the produced component.32 0Item Restricted The effect of surface treatment on the adhesive strength of chairside hard liners to dental polymers used for the conventional, additive, and subtractive fabrication of complete dentures(The Ohio State University, 2022) Aldosari, Abdullah Mohammed A; Azer, Shereen S.; Schricker, Scott R.; Lee, Damian J.Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength of two hard denture relining materials on denture bases fabricated from conventional, subtractive, and additive polymers. In addition, this study assessed the effect of a polymer to resin primer on the tensile bond strength of hard denture liners to different denture bases. Methods: A total of 120 hard relined denture base samples were fabricated, 40 per denture base group (Lucitone 199, Ivo Base CAD, and NextDent Denture 3D+). For each denture base group 20 samples were hard relined with one of two chair side hard denture liner (GC Reline, MucoHard). Among the hard reline groups, 10 of each group was primed with a composite to PMMA primer (Visio.link). All samples underwent thermocycling. The adhesive strength was evaluated through tensile testing. The surface contact angle was measured on each denture group sample to evaluate the wettability of the material. The data was analyzed using Inverse-variance weighted linear regression. Results: In this study overall the denture bases relined with MucoHard denture liner had significantly higherbond strength than the GC reline groups (P<0.016). The highest tensile bond strength was achieved by combining MucoHard denture liner and primed 3D printed denture base, followed by the non-primed conventional denture base, and non-primed milled denture base to MucoHard denture liner. The surface primer used in this study (Visio.Link primer, Bredent UK Ltd. Chesterfield, UK.) had a significant effect on the tensile bond strength of all tested groups (P<0.0003). However, the primer only positively influenced the bond strength of the 3D printed denture base to MucoHard denture liner, while the other groups were inversely affected. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the tensile bond strength of chairside denture liners to denture bases fabricated using additive, subtractive, and conventional methods (P>0.05). The highest bond strength was achieved with the combination of MucoHard denture liner and primed 3D printed denture bases. MucoHard denture liner has overall significantly higher tensile bond strength in comparison to GC reline. (P<0.016) The primer only positively influenced the bond strength of MucoHard to 3D printed denture bases. The primer significantly alters the wettability of the denture bases.53 0Item Restricted ANALYSIS OF ACCURACY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3DPRINTED POLYMERIC DENTAL MATERIALS(Boston University, 2024) Alshaibani, Raghdah; Fan, Yuwei; Giordano II, Russell; Yamamoto, HideoObjectives: The objective was to investigate the accuracy, storage stability, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polymeric dental materials. Materials and Methods: Three completely dentate models, two maxillary and one mandibular each with their respective die, and three implant models were designed using dental CAD software (3SHAPE DENTAL SYSTEM). A horseshoe-shaped solid base with a posterior horizontal bar was utilized. The models were printed based on the manufacturer's instructions for four weeks using six printers with the corresponding recommended resin materials: Carbon M2 (DPR10), HeyGears A2D4K (Model HP UV2.0), Stratasys J5 (MED610), Stratasys Origin One (DM200), Envision One (E-Model LightDLP), and Asiga Pro4K (VeriModel) with a standard layer thickness of 50 μm (N=72). The models were scanned after printing using Sirona inEOS X5 scanner, while the implant models were scanned using a CT scanner (GE Phoenix V|tome|x metrology edition). The full arch models were randomly assigned to three groups of storage conditions: cold environment (LT, 4 ± 1°C), hot and dry environment (HT, 50 ± 2°C), and room temperature (RT , 25 ± 2°C, serving as the control). Each group was kept under the designated conditions and scanned at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks. The generated STL files were imported into a 3D inspection software for comparison with the original STL files. Four sets of reference points (central fossa of first premolars and central fossae of second molars) were selected to determine six distances of inter-arch segments, from which the inter-arch distance trueness and precision deviation were measured. For the second part of the study, maxillary Lucitone Digital Print denture base (DB) (N=5), maxillary Lucitone IPN 3D Premium anterior and posterior teeth (N=6), and maxillary Keystone Keysplint Soft Clear occlusal splint (N=5) were printed using two printers (Carbon M2, Asiga Max UV) with a standard layer thickness of 50 μm for denture base and teeth, and 100 μm for the occlusal splint. The tolerance threshold was set to 50 μm for Lucitone IPN and 100 μm for Lucitone DB and Keysplint Soft. In-tolerance percentage and deviation RMS were obtained and analyzed with multivariate least square mean linear regression using JMP Pro 17 (SAS, Cary, NC) to identify significant effects (α=0.05). The third part investigated the mechanical properties of Lucitone DB and IPN using 2 printers (Carbon M2, Asiga Max UV) as follows: flexural strength (N=10) using a three-point bend test, fracture toughness (N=10), creep (N=5), Vickers hardness test (N=15), surface roughness (N=15), while Shore A hardness (N=15) and tensile strength (N=10) were performed for Keysplint Soft Clear. Data were analyzed using one-way and multivariate least square mean linear regression followed by Tukey’s HSD test using JMP Pro 17 (SAS, Cary, NC) to identify significant effects (α=0.05). Results: The in-tolerance percentage varied significantly among printers, with Carbon M2 (CAB) showing the highest values. Stratasys (J5) displayed the highest accuracy in term of precision, while HeyGears A2D4K (HGS), Carbon M2 (CAB), and Stratasys (J5) exhibited the highest accuracy in term of trueness. The inter-molar segment showed the highest deviation. No significant difference was observed in in-tolerance percentage across different print weeks except for week 2 in one printer (Stratasys Origin1). CAB exhibited a higher in-tolerance percentage for the DB than Asiga Max UV (ASG), with the fitting surface having the highest in-tolerance percentage. IPN anterior teeth had a higher in-tolerance percentage than posterior teeth, with ASG showing a higher value than CAB. No statistically significant difference was found in the in-tolerance percentage of Keysplint Soft Clear between ASG and CAB. Resin printed using ASG demonstrated higher flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and creep, while resin printer using CAB exhibited higher fracture toughness, with no significant difference in surface roughness between the two printers. Lucitone IPN had higher flexural strength and Vickers hardness, surface roughness , and lower creep and fracture toughness than Lucitone DB. CAB Keysplint Soft had higher tensile strength than ASG, with no statistically significant difference in Shore A hardness between the two printers. Conclusion: Model dimension deviations were impacted by storage conditions and the specific printer utilized, with high-temperature storage exhibiting the least stability. However, no significant difference was noted between low and room temperature storage conditions. Carbon M2 exhibited the highest level of accuracy. The of 3D-printed denture bases and denture teeth varied across different printers. Conversely, no significant difference in accuracy was observed for a soft occlusal splint between two printers. Materials printed using different printers showed statistically significant different mechanical properties.32 0Item Restricted Felodipine Solubility Enhancement via Polymeric-Lipid Extrusion 3D Printing, and Public Acceptance Toward 3D Printed Medicines(University of Nottingham, 2024) Ismail, Doaa; Roberts, ClivePoor aqueous solubility of many prospective low molecular weight drug compounds is a barrier to bioavailability and hence therapeutic effectiveness and commercial potential. Multiple formulation-based approaches have been studied to enhance effective solubility, one of which is the formation of the drug in a solid dispersion, whereby the drug is dispersed in a soluble matrix. 3D printing has capabilities to produce personalised medicines and is a manufacturing technique for pharmaceuticals well suited to the creation of solid dispersions. Multiple 3D printing technologies are available, with material extrusion approaches most often used in pharmaceutical research to date. With such advances in 3D printing, there is also the opportunity for studies of patient-perceptions of printed tablets in the context of tablet properties such as size, shape, and colour. As a new manufacturing technology, understanding patient acceptability of 3D printing of medicines is required to understand the public perception toward future market along with policy shaping. As part of this study a public study is carried out on the acceptance of 3D printed tablets. The aligned main aim of this study was to study the potential of polymeric-lipid formulations to enhance drug water solubility in extrusion 3D printed solid dosage forms, designed according to the most acceptable geometries of the public. Such formulations have rarely been studied in 3D printing of tablets. Specifically, I investigated the poorly water soluble drug felodipine and its inclusion in a polymeric-lipid formulation. An immediate-release formulation was developed and tested for printability and compatibility. The developed formulation exhibited enhanced solubility, excellent printability, and compatibility. Subsequently I describe the study of sustained-release formulations with altered ratios of drug and excipients. A significant difference was present between formulations with variable drug content. As most lipids undergo physicochemical changes over time, stability determination is considered. The samples were tested under various storage conditions. Several analytical techniques were used to verify any changes that occur during the stability analysis. Samples stored at room temperature and 0% RH showed rapid crystallisation of felodipine, whereas those stored at 37 ± 1°C and 75% RH maintained their amorphous and dispersed state. Augmentation of the drug release rate was observed in all aged samples compared to the freshly printed samples. Multiple complementary methods were used to study formulation behaviour and structure. Employment of social study results in the design of future medicines can enhance their effectiveness. Additionally, lipids with their versatility as drug carrier are ideal for extrusion 3D printing for the use in pharmaceutical manufacturing, particularly clinical trials.11 0Item Restricted Development of Robots and Algorithms for Cooperative Additive Manufacturing(University of Manchester, 2024-04-11) Alhijaily, Abdullah; Bartolo, Paulo; Cangelosi, AngeloAdditive manufacturing (AM) is dominated by single robots which present limitations in fabrication time and efficiency of the system. To address this problem, this research explores the concept of cooperative printing in which multiple printheads fabricate the same part concurrently. However, configurations for cooperative printing in the literature present several limitations such as reduced cooperative printing area and cross prevention in which no two printheads are allowed to cross each other's paths during printing. Thus, a novel configuration is proposed in this research. This configuration was realised on a custom gantry machine. As shown, the proposed configuration allows printing parts that are impossible to print or inefficiently printed by other cooperative printing configurations. Furthermore, several novel algorithms are formulated and implemented in the developed machine. Additionally, efficient algorithms were developed for path planning that allowed to reduce the computation time of slicing for cooperative printing from minutes to milliseconds. Also, the proposed system significantly increased the printing speed surpassing the maximum printing time reduction reported in the literature. Conversely, mobile robots are promising for AM due to their large workspace. However, current plastic AM by mobile robots produce parts with poor quality and rough surface finish. Thus, an accurate mobile robot specialised for mobile AM is developed for this research. The proposed mobile robot's accuracy and precision were assessed and was found to have a 0.37 mm average error surpassing the literature on mobile AM. Finally, it was shown that the developed mobile robot surpasses them both in terms of quality and accuracy. For gantry systems, offline path planning is reliable and efficient due to their high accuracy and predictability. However, it is unreliable for low accuracy and error-prone systems such as mobile robots. To overcome this, an online cooperative printing path planning designed for the developed mobile robot is proposed. Several novel real time algorithms were developed, including a novel online collision avoidance algorithm that guaranteed collision-free motions. This research stands as the first work to develop fully online path planning for cooperative printing.19 0Item Restricted Clinical Potential of Three Dimensional (3D) Printed Materials in Restorative Dentistry(Sydney University, 2024-03-13) Alshamrani, Abdullah; Ellakwa, AymanOver the past two decades, rapid prototyping technology, specifically threedimensional (3D) printing, has gained significant popularity in the dental field. It has revolutionized dental restoration processes, leading to improved quality, patient comfort, and overall satisfaction. This thesis explores the integration and benefits of 3D printing technology in various dental applications. The initial chapters provide an overview of the importance of 3D printing technology in dentistry and highlight its advantages over traditional techniques. The focus is on the enhanced production processes, adaptability, and faster fabrication methods offered by 3D printing. Furthermore, the future prospects and limitations of this technology are discussed, with emphasis on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of 3D-printed dental materials. A key area of investigation pertains to the mechanical properties of 3D-printed dental resin materials. Different printing layer thicknesses and post-printing methods are explored to determine their effects on flexural strength, microhardness, and degree of conversion. Findings reveal that a printing layer thickness of 100 μm yields the highest flexural strength compared to thinner layers. Moreover, post-printing treatments significantly impact the flexural strength and hardness of the 3D-printed resin material. To further enhance the mechanical and biocompatibility properties of dental resin, different nanoparticle additives are incorporated into the resin. Specifically, the addition of zirconia and glass silica nanoparticles is investigated. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of these microfillers significantly improves the flexural strength and biocompatibility of the dental resin material. This finding suggests the clinical application potential of reinforced 3D-printed resin in restorative dentistry. Continuing the exploration of microfillers reinforcement, another chapter focuses on the incorporation of zirconia glass (ZG) ) with an average particle size of approximately 0.4 μm and glass silica (GS) microfillers with an average particle size of approximately 1.5 μm in 3D-printed crown resin materials. Mechanical performance comparable to unmodified resin is achieved, but increased surface roughness needs further optimization to ensure aesthetic considerations are met. In addition to examining resin materials, a separate chapter explores a novel 3D printing technology called lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM), specifically for printing ceramic materials. The mechanical properties of ceramic materials printed using LCM are evaluated, providing insights into their potential applications. Finally, the thesis concludes by summarizing the major findings and conclusions derived from the previous chapters. Future directions and challenges in the field of 3D-printed dental materials are also discussed, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize nanoparticle concentrations, evaluate long-term clinical outcomes, and enhance the overall effectiveness and suitability of these materials in restorative dentistry. In summary, this thesis contributes to the advancement of 3D-printed dental materials, offering valuable insights into their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and potential applications. The integration of 3D printing technology in dentistry has transformed the field, paving the way for more effective and durable dental restorations.14 0Item Restricted An Investigation of The Effect of Rheo-Printing Technology on Big Area Additive Manufacturing(Saudi Digital Library, 2024-11-27) Alzahrani, Faisal J; Coulter, John PA novel processing innovation named Rheo-printing technology was introduced that could impact the field of the Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM). The Rheo-printing technology applies a controlled circumferential and axial shear rate to the polymer melt before depositing the polymer through the printing nozzle. The rheological polymer properties modify due to the applied shear rate, and the ultimate goal is to enhance the product's properties. The application of the circumferential shear rate on the polymer melt is accomplished through a rotational printing nozzle. Adjusting the rotational speed of the printing nozzle controls the shear rate applied to the polymer melt, providing control over the rheology of the polymer melt. This research employs an extrusion-based AM machine that uses polymer pellets as a feedstock to investigate the impact of Rheo-printing technology on BAAM. The effect of Rheo-printing technology was investigated theoretically and numerically to examine the shear rate impact on the material's viscosity. Different shear-thinning polymers were included in the investigation; the viscosity influence of each polymer has been studied through a range of rotational speeds, and statistical analysis has been applied to the obtained results for a comprehensive understanding. The investigation compared the influence of Rheo-printing technology on two different nozzle sizes. For small additive manufacturing or desktop 3D printers, a 0.6 mm nozzle diameter was utilized, while a 2 mm nozzle diameter was employed for BAAM. Overall results showed that the effect of Rheo-printing technology appeared more significant with a bigger nozzle diameter. Also, there is a favorable correlation between nozzle rotation and viscosity for all polymers, regardless of nozzle diameter. Specifically, this correlation manifests as a decrease in viscosity as the nozzle is rotated, with the magnitude of this reduction becoming more pronounced at higher rotational speeds and near in the outermost region of the extruded polymer road. Two different numerical simulations were included to study the impact of the temperature on the printing process. The first numerical simulation was to study the effect of printing speed on the temperature evolution of each layer during the printing process. Results showed that the temperature fluctuation as each layer's heating and cooling during the printing process decreased with increasing the printing speed. The second numerical simulation was to study the platform temperature's impact on each layer's temperature evolution during printing. The effect of increasing the platform temperature was shown clearly on the cooling interval of each layer. Increasing platform temperature reduces the heat losses in the printed layer during the cooling interval. An experimental investigation also employed conventional printing and Rheo-printing technology to investigate the temperature evolution during printing and compare the obtained results. This investigation was performed by printing two samples using conventional and Rheo-printing technology and monitoring the temperature evolution during printing. The anisotropy and porosity of BAAM products were investigated, and the enhancement of Rheo-printing technology on product properties was validated numerically and experimentally. Three groups of different layer-building times were designed, and twenty-four samples were printed using conventional and Rheo-printing technology, investigating the impact of Rheo-printing technology on interlayer adhesion strength. Also, three configurations were designed, and eighteen samples were printed using conventional and Rheo-printing technology, investigating the effect of Rheo-printing technology on void formation. The enhancement of the Rheo-printing technology on mechanical properties of BAAM samples was validated where the anisotropy and porosity percentage were reduced.48 0Item Restricted Three Dimensional Printed Immunomodulatory Scaffolds with Controlled Drug Release for Bone Regeneration(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-10-24) Majrashi, Majed; Yang, Jing; Ghaemmaghami, AmirLarge bone defects pose significant challenges in orthopaedic surgery, necessitating the exploration of innovative repair technologies beyond traditional treatments like autografts, allografts, and synthetic substitutes, each fraught with specific challenges. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have emerged as promising fields, employing bioactive materials, growth factors, and cellular components to emulate natural bone properties and functions. Notably, additive manufacturing techniques contribute to these advancements by customising 3D-printed scaffolds enhancing patient-specific treatments. Recent studies underscore the significant influence of immune responses in bone regeneration, an area still in its infancy. Particularly, the modulation of immune reactions through specialised biomaterials and the strategic delivery of anti-inflammatory agents like dexamethasone present a novel approach to support bone healing processes, avoiding the systemic side effects of traditional drug administration. In this thesis, novel inks were developed to sustain the release of dexamethasone from a 3D-printed scaffold to modulate the immune response and osteogenesis. Excipients with surfactant properties, including the poloxamers F127, F68, L31, sorbitan monooleate Span80, and sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), were added to PCL to test their ability to sustain drug release. All these inks were fabricated into scaffolds by using direct ink writing 3D printing technique. The fabricated scaffolds were then characterised by SEM, DSC, FTIR, and ToF-SIMS. Macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cocultured to investigate the effects of the controlled release of dexamethasone on the modulation of macrophage polarisation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Notably, blending PCL with 40% wt/wt (SAIB) has improved dexamethasone-cyclodextrin dispersal and facilitated a sustained 35-day release dominated by first-ordered and Higuchi models. In this modified environment, investigations into macrophage-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) interactions revealed that controlled dexamethasone release significantly influenced macrophage behaviour and MSC osteogenic differentiation. M1 macrophages boosted early alkaline phosphatase production (ALP) at (7 days), while later stages (21 days) saw dexamethasone's predominance. Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) was significantly increased at day 21; meanwhile, interleukin-6 (IL-6) decreased at the same time. Moreover, the released dexamethasone switched the phenotype of macrophages from M1 to M2 at day 21, evidenced by the increased level of mannose receptor and decreased expression of calprotectin receptor. These results offer new insight into macrophage-MSC cross-talk and demonstrate the potential of drug-release scaffolds to modulate inflammation and enhance bone regeneration.21 0Item Restricted THE INFLUENCE OF MICROSCOPIC FEATURES ON THE SELF-CLEANING ABILITY OF 3D PRINTED FABRIC-LIKE STRUCTURES(Saudi Digital Library, 2022-09-30) Atwah, Ayat Adnan; Muhammad, KhanSelf-cleaning surfaces are getting significant attention within multiple scientific and industrial fields. Especially for textile fabrics, it is observed that self-cleaning textile fabric surfaces are created by manipulating the surface features with the help of coatings and nanoparticles, which are considered costly and far more complicated. However, the exploration of the potential for self-cleaning by controlling the fabrication parameters of textile fabrics at the microscopic level has not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to establish the context of self-cleaning textile fabrics by controlling the fabrication parameters of the fabric at the microscopic level. The control of the fabrication parameters is not easy in conventional fabric manufacturing techniques. Due to this reason, most textile fabrics use surface coating methods for self-cleaning features. The current evolution in 3D printed technology provides an opportunity to control the fabrication parameters during fabric manufacturing and generate self-cleaning features at the woven structural level. This study focuses on the possibility of developing a 3D-printed self-cleaning textile fabric using different printing parameters. It also identifies the significance of the fabric’s microscopic features, such as porosity, surface roughness, and wettability, along with the aesthetic look after optimizing these features. Further, the influence of these features on mechanical strength at the fabric woven structure level was tested. The optimization of printing parameters was modelled to identify the optimum self-cleaning properties for the 3D-printed specimens and the validation model was accomplished under a set of experimental methods. The study includes the combination of three printing parameters: layer height (LH) (0.15, 0.13, 0.10 𝑚𝑚) and extruder width (EW) (0.5, 0.4, 0.3 𝑚𝑚), along with two different angular printing orientations (O) (45 ° and 90 °). The other parameters, such as nozzle temperature (℃), print speed (𝑚𝑚/𝑠), and infill density (%), remained constant for all the samples. Three different thermoplastic flexible filaments printing materials are used: thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU 98A), thermoplastic elastomers (TPE felaflex), and thermoplastic co-polyester (TPC ii flex45). The 162 prepared samples are tested based on an experimental scheme to evaluate the self-cleaning ability. The microscopic features (porosity, roughness, and wettability) which are mainly responsible for this ability, are measured and recorded to evaluate and compare the best values for self-cleaning between the three chosen materials. The data are analysed to define the optimal self-cleaning number. Lastly, the experimental outputs are used in analytical calculations to find the relationship between changes in printing parameters and microscopic features. The study revealed that the printing parameters significantly affect the self-cleaning properties when optimizing the selection of the process parameter combination of layer height, extruder width, and printing orientation. The study successfully created a linear regression model to demonstrate the relationship between 3D printing parameters (layer height, extruder width, and orientation) and the self-cleaning microscopic features of the 3D-printed polymeric textile fabrics. It also identified that the (TPE) has a better self-cleaning ability than the other two materials.23 0Item Restricted Use of Advanced Technologies for the Improvement of Prosthetics Limbs.(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-08-17) Alenezy, Malik; Jayakody, Gayan; Smith, StephenThe act of amputation can have significant psychological consequences, including emotional anguish, depressive symptoms, anxiety, challenges with body perception, and diminished well- being. Understanding these psychological ramifications is essential for providing effective interventions and care for individuals with amputations. This research project aims to explore contemporary technological advancements and foreseeable obstacles in the prosthetics industry to improve the lives of amputees. The literature review reveals that the introduction of new materials and technology can enhance the quality of prosthetics, making them more lightweight, durable, and comfortable. Previous studies have utilised techniques like finite element analysis and virtual reality to understand the impact of prosthetic design on rehabilitation success and costs. The research methodology follows an "onion ring" structure to ensure comprehensive exploration of the topic. However, limitations, such as sample size and self-reporting reliability, are acknowledged. The data analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative data, with findings suggesting a need for new technologies in prosthetics and the importance of addressing discomfort and pain related to prosthetic sockets. The business model canvas for ProstheticsGuardian delineates the essential elements such key partners, activities, resources, value proposition, client categories, channels, customer connections, income streams, and cost structure. The present study serves to enhance comprehension of the psychological ramifications associated with amputation and provides valuable insights into the potential utilisation of sophisticated technologies to enhance prosthetic devices. The implementation of the recommendations derived from this research has the potential to improve the well-being and overall quality of life for those who have experienced limb loss in future studies and interventions.25 0