Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted The vocabulary growth of EFL learners in Saudi Arabia: The role of individual differences, digital flashcard learning and quiz frequency(the University of Birmingham, 2024-07) Albalawi, Abdullah; Gareth, Carrol; Petra, SchoofsDespite the substantial expansion in vocabulary research since the 1980s (Laufer, 2009; Meara, 2002), we still know very little about how vocabulary develops over time and what factors influence this development (Pellicer-Sánchez, 2019; Webb & Nation, 2017). The first study of the thesis aimed to address this by examining the vocabulary breadth growth of EFL learners over a school semester (12 weeks). It measured the vocabulary growth (meaning recognition and meaning recall) of 141 Saudi intermediate school (aged 15) and secondary school (aged 16) students using the Updated Vocabulary Levels Test (Webb et al., 2017). To explain the expected variation in vocabulary growth, the study examined the role of individual differences focusing on three key factors: out-of-class exposure (e.g., watching TV and playing video games), self-regulation and motivation. The main finding from this study is that vocabulary growth in an EFL context can be low and slow (Nurweni & Read, 1999; Siyanova-Chanturia & Webb, 2016; Webb & Chang, 2012), and after many years of school instruction, students might still not develop a good knowledge of even the highest frequency vocabulary (i.e., the most frequent 1000 word-families). Additionally, out-of-class exposure and motivation were significant predictors of vocabulary learning. The second study aimed to address the low knowledge of high frequency vocabulary found in the first study. Given the limited time of many EFL classes, it employed digital flashcard learning in out-of-class settings and included in-class quizzes to make sure that students genuinely engage with vocabulary learning and potentially benefit from the testing effect (Karpicke & Roediger, 2007). However, it was unclear based on the previous research how frequently quizzes should occur for optimal vocabulary learning. The second study aimed to address this gap by first examining the effect of quizzing (quiz vs. no-quiz) followed by an examination of the effect of quiz frequency (weekly, biweekly and monthly) on vocabulary learning over a school semester (eight weeks). Secondary school students (n = 76, age = 16-17) learned 120 target words using digital flashcards in naturalistic out-of- class settings using their personal devices. The second study had two main findings. First, the groups who received quizzes showed significant vocabulary improvement on the posttest while the group who did not receive quizzes did not make any significant vocabulary gains. This finding suggests that supplementing out-of-class vocabulary learning with in-class quizzes can be an effective vocabulary learning approach. It also suggests that students’ willingness to engage in out-of-class language learning (i.e., extra- curricular learning) should not be taken for granted when there is no source of external motivation (Seibert Hanson & Brown, 2019). Second, there were no significant differences in the learning gains between the three quiz frequency groups (weekly, biweekly and monthly), suggesting that more frequent quizzes do not necessarily lead to more vocabulary learning. The thesis overall makes valuable contributions to both vocabulary theory and practice. The first study enhances our understanding of the nature of vocabulary knowledge by examining vocabulary growth longitudinally while taking into account the role of individual differences. The second study offers practical recommendations to help language learners learn vocabulary more effectively. The two studies combined make important strides in advancing L2 vocabulary learning, instruction and research.8 0Item Restricted The vocabulary growth of EFL learners in Saudi Arabia: The role of individual differences, digital flashcard learning and quiz frequency(the University of Birmingham, 2024-07) Albalawi, Abdullah; Gareth, Carrol; Petra, SchoofsDespite the substantial expansion in vocabulary research since the 1980s (Laufer, 2009; Meara, 2002), we still know very little about how vocabulary develops over time and what factors influence this development (Pellicer-Sánchez, 2019; Webb & Nation, 2017). The first study of the thesis aimed to address this by examining the vocabulary breadth growth of EFL learners over a school semester (12 weeks). It measured the vocabulary growth (meaning recognition and meaning recall) of 141 Saudi intermediate school (aged 15) and secondary school (aged 16) students using the Updated Vocabulary Levels Test (Webb et al., 2017). To explain the expected variation in vocabulary growth, the study examined the role of individual differences focusing on three key factors: out-of-class exposure (e.g., watching TV and playing video games), self-regulation and motivation. The main finding from this study is that vocabulary growth in an EFL context can be low and slow (Nurweni & Read, 1999; Siyanova-Chanturia & Webb, 2016; Webb & Chang, 2012), and after many years of school instruction, students might still not develop a good knowledge of even the highest frequency vocabulary (i.e., the most frequent 1000 word-families). Additionally, out-of-class exposure and motivation were significant predictors of vocabulary learning. The second study aimed to address the low knowledge of high frequency vocabulary found in the first study. Given the limited time of many EFL classes, it employed digital flashcard learning in out-of-class settings and included in-class quizzes to make sure that students genuinely engage with vocabulary learning and potentially benefit from the testing effect (Karpicke & Roediger, 2007). However, it was unclear based on the previous research how frequently quizzes should occur for optimal vocabulary learning. The second study aimed to address this gap by first examining the effect of quizzing (quiz vs. no-quiz) followed by an examination of the effect of quiz frequency (weekly, biweekly and monthly) on vocabulary learning over a school semester (eight weeks). Secondary school students (n = 76, age = 16-17) learned 120 target words using digital flashcards in naturalistic out-of- class settings using their personal devices. The second study had two main findings. First, the groups who received quizzes showed significant vocabulary improvement on the posttest while the group who did not receive quizzes did not make any significant vocabulary gains. This finding suggests that supplementing out-of-class vocabulary learning with in-class quizzes can be an effective vocabulary learning approach. It also suggests that students’ willingness to engage in out-of-class language learning (i.e., extra- curricular learning) should not be taken for granted when there is no source of external motivation (Seibert Hanson & Brown, 2019). Second, there were no significant differences in the learning gains between the three quiz frequency groups (weekly, biweekly and monthly), suggesting that more frequent quizzes do not necessarily lead to more vocabulary learning. The thesis overall makes valuable contributions to both vocabulary theory and practice. The first study enhances our understanding of the nature of vocabulary knowledge by examining vocabulary growth longitudinally while taking into account the role of individual differences. The second study offers practical recommendations to help language learners learn vocabulary more effectively. The two studies combined make important strides in advancing L2 vocabulary learning, instruction and research.20 0Item Restricted Cultural and Individual Factors Influencing Test Anxiety: A Concurrent Mixed Method Study of Saudi High School Students’ Perceptions of Test Anxiety in English and Math(Howard University, 2024) Albalawi, Yusra; Picho-Kiroga, KatherineThe purpose of this study was to investigate the level of test anxiety that high school male and female students experience in English and mathematics classes in Saudi high schools. The study examined test anxiety in both subjects from motivational antecedents and cultural factors that cause test anxiety among students. A mixed-methods study was designed, with quantitative data collected on structured instruments. Test anxiety was measured on the Test Anxiety Inventory (TIA) from a total of 280 high school students in grades 9 through 12 recruited from public high schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Qualitative data were collected using focus group interviews with 20 students (10 male, 10 female) selected from a sample pool of 280 students by a systematic random sampling procedure. The quantitative data were analyzed with means, t-test (independent and dependent sample), one-way ANOVA, and hierarchical linear regression. The results indicated a moderate level of test anxiety in all students, with male students experiencing higher test anxiety than female students. Moreover, higher test anxiety was observed in English than in mathematics. Motivation and cultural factors are substantial sources of test anxiety among students, and success expectancies were negatively correlated with test anxiety in mathematics and English; however, task value was positively correlated with math test anxiety. Collective social stigma was the only predictor found to be significantly predictive of English and math test anxiety. Five themes emerged from qualitative data: high-stakes tests, subject-induced anxiety, family and social bonding, incompetence and nervousness, and future aspirations and value of the exams. The study concluded that test anxiety is common among Saudi high school students, but that gender and subject differences exist, caused by several cultural and motivational factors.48 0Item Restricted Straddling Two Worlds: How Linguistic Backgrounds and Sociocultural Norms Influence the Experiences of Saudi Female Expats in Australia(University of Wollongong, 2023-03-08) Alhassoun, Lamia Abdulaziz; Ward, RowenaThis study constructs a collective story of Saudi female expats (SFEs) as they navigate the transition from their conservative society in Saudi Arabia to a new one in Australia. It examines the impact of the SFE’s Arabic background and their English learning experiences in Australia on their lives and explores SFEs perceptions of their self-representation in the social and educational milieu in Australia. Additionally, it sheds light on the intricate relationships between language, culture, gender and self-representation. The study employs a demographic questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with twenty-two SFEs in Australia. The study adopts lenses from social identity theory (Erikson 1968; Tajfel & Turner 1979, 1986), Intragroup marginalisation (Castillo et al. 2007), Social learning theory (Bandura 1977; Ryle 2011) and Oberg's cultural shock theory (1960) to guide the analysis of the study data. The findings of this study reveal that SFEs, generally, have a positive attitude towards learning and using the English language. However, SFEs’ low self-confidence in their English language proficiency negatively impacted their cross-cultural interactions in Australia. The study attributes SFEs' low self-confidence to five factors: limited opportunities to practice English, a preference for socialising with Arabic speakers, the COVID-19 pandemic, Saudi Arabia's English education policies and limited interest in English improvement. The study also explores how SFEs represent themselves differently in Australia. Their reflections in the research interviews revealed that they define their ‘in’- and ‘out’-groups differently depending on the context in relation to their interlocutor’s ethnicity, gender, language and faith. SFEs indicated that when interacting with Saudi male compatriots, they tend to be formal and direct in line with the norms of their Saudi culture and upbringing marked by gender segregation. However, they are friendlier and more open with non-Saudi male interlocutors due to the more relaxed gender norms in Australia. One of the key findings is that SFEs’ interactions with non-Saudis are influenced by their sense of obligation to represent their faith and nationality in the best light. The study also shows that the SFE’s insufficient knowledge of Australian culture and their low confidence in their English skills, tends to make their interactions with native-English speakers to be direct and to the point. SFEs are aware that they can appear terse for this reason. The lack of opportunities to interact with the host/Australian community and learn about Australian culture was negatively impacted by the social isolation policies imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study contributes to the limited literature on the experiences of SFEs as they navigate cross-cultural contexts and self-representation in Australia. This study offers valuable insights into the real-world challenges experienced by SFEs in adjusting to a more liberal society while maintaining their cultural identity. It sheds light on their perceptions of self-representations and attitude towards learning and using English and straddling cultures in Australia. Practical implications for improving cross-cultural interaction and strategies for enhancing English language education programs to better accommodate the growing SFE community in Australia are discussed in the conclusion.47 0Item Restricted An Investigation into the Efficacy of Incorporating Movies in Classrooms for Enhancing English Listening Skills Proficiency of Saudi Students(University of Sussex, 2024-03-21) Alshahrani, Nadia Zafer A; Greenough, JamesThis research investigates the effectiveness of using movies as a teaching tool in English language classrooms, specifically focusing on Saudi students studying in Brighton and the perspectives of experienced English language tutors. The study uses a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative and quantitative data analysis to examine the perceptions of 21 Saudi students and 7 English teachers. The study shows exciting patterns in how students feel about film-based learning and how this method helps them improve their listening skills, such as becoming more familiar with different accents and dialects. Additionally, it captures teachers' views on the pedagogical benefits and challenges of using films in language instruction. Findings suggest that movies are a valuable tool in language education, offering a dynamic approach to learning that aligns with the practical demands of understanding and engaging with English in a globalised context. The study provides evidence-based recommendations for incorporating multimedia tools into language learning curricula, highlighting the opportunity for creative instructional strategies in Saudi Arabian educational settings.40 0Item Restricted Long Annotated Translation of the First Chapter of "Unlawful Killings", Life, Love and Murder: Trials at the Old Bailey By Wendy Joseph(Saudi Digital Library, 2023) Alburaidi, Ibrahim Saleh; Mizori, HassanThis project introduces the translation of the first chapter of "Unlawful Killings," a true crime narrative by Her Honour Wendy Joseph QC, offering insights into the UK legal system. The translation aims to fill a gap in Arabic literature, providing Arabic readers access to a best-selling work not previously translated. The rationale is grounded in the book's thematic relevance, the translator's personal connection to the Old Bailey Court, and the absence of an Arabic version. The translation strategy employs direct translation, borrowing, calque, and literal translation, supplemented by oblique translation techniques. The target readership includes Arabic literature enthusiasts, and the potential publisher is "Athra," known for its commitment to quality translation. In addition to the translation, there is an annotation that provides further context, explanations of translation choices, and cultural insights. This comprehensive approach seeks to enrich Arabic literature, presenting a unique perspective on true crime and legal proceedings while maintaining linguistic accuracy and cultural resonance.22 0Item Restricted LEARNING ENGLISH IN THE TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING CORPORATION (TVTC) IN SAUDI ARABIA: PERSPECTIVES OF FIRST YEAR STUDENTS(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-12-12) Daqdaqi, Rashed Ahmed; Dietrich, SarahThis study examines the perspectives of 35 first year students enrolled in the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In light of the development strategy of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, which places significant emphasis on the acquisition of foreign languages to facilitate economic diversification and growth, this research examined the perspectives and drives of students in relation to the learning of English. The study found that the participants mostly showed positive and hopeful attitudes when it came to learning English. This study offers significant contributions to the understanding of the intricate dynamics involved in the process of learning the English language among students from Saudi Arabia. It illuminates the various obstacles and possibilities that arise as they strive to achieve proficiency in the language. The research emphasizes the necessity of adopting an innovative methodology for teaching English in vocational and technical education institutions in Saudi Arabia. This approach should aim to tackle motivational challenges and ensure that language acquisition is in line with the changing demands of the Saudi economy and society.49 0Item Restricted Examining the Retranslation Hypothesis in the Arabic Translations of Lady Chatterley’s(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-05-08) Albudairi, Yousef; Jaccomard, HélèneThe retranslation hypothesis developed by Antoine Berman and Paul Bensimon, which entails initial translations being domesticated and retranslations being foreignised, has been studied multiple times. However, in the case of English-Arabic translations, the hypothesis has not yet been fully examined. The aim of this thesis is to question the validity of the retranslation hypothesis when applied to the two Arabic translations of Lady Chatterley's Lover. To test the validity of the retranslation hypothesis, the two Arabic translations underwent two types of analysis. The quantitative analysis presents general information about all corpora, the Source Text (ST), translation 1 (T1) and translation 2 (T2). Such information helps in knowing the word count, lexical density and word frequencies, among other features that assist in forming a general view about the macro translation strategies applied in the Arabic translations. The qualitative analysis focuses on the three most challenging characteristics found in the ST: metaphor, explicit language and language variety. The analysis of these characteristics considers the use of the micro translation strategies utilised in each translation to overcome such challenges. In addition, the qualitative analysis sheds light on one aspect of the Arabic translations: the use of footnotes. All of this information, ranging from quantitative to qualitative, lead to a conclusion about the validity of the retranslation hypothesis. The results of both analyses proved that the two Arabic translations do not fully conform to the retranslation hypothesis.61 0Item Restricted TEACHING ANGLOPHONE LITERATURE TO NON-NATIVE STUDENTS: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS(2023-04-06) Alnashwan, Afnan Omar; Linkon, Sherry LeeTeaching English-language novels to non-native speakers poses unique difficulties that traditional teaching approaches cannot address. These challenges include not only language barriers but also the need to analyze unfamiliar literature and culture, which students may not have been introduced to in their prior education. As a result, students are expected to memorize and repeat knowledge without developing their literary skills. This thesis investigates these challenges and the limitations of the traditional approach, emphasizing an alternative student- centered, reflexive learning method. It suggests using Toni Morrison's novel Beloved as a primary text, which can provide non-native students with a better understanding of the cultural and social contexts that often shape literature. Through critical analysis of characters’ cultural logic and elements that shape social structures, students can develop their skills and engage meaningfully with the material.8 0