Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Prevalence of Depression among University Students in Saudi Arabia An Adopted Systematic Review(University of Manchester, 2024-03-27) Alzahrani, Raghad; Shields, GemmaThe prevalence of depression is one of the critical mental disorders that affect a large population. The symptoms of the disorders include sad mood, anhedonia, low self-esteem insomnia, general fatigue, lack of appetite, and decreased concentration. The global prevalence rate is estimated at 4.4% across the populations, and a 49% prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among university students in Saudi Arabia. Studies on the prevalence of depression have confirmed that various factors such as sociocultural, biological, and psychological are the main contributors to depression and affect people of all ages. Depression disorders affect the level of quality of life for individuals, which leads to changes in physical activities, emotional functions, and behavioral changes. This study focuses on the prevalence of depression among university students in Saudi Arabia. This group of the population encounters a critical transition from one level of education to another, which requires them to be self-reliant and responsible individuals for them to survive, and from a transition from adolescence to adulthood, which turns out to be stressful at times. The stress mostly emanates from trying to blend into a new lifestyle, maintaining the pressure to excel academically, being away from home, and uncertainty about the future. The prevalence of depressive disorders is the most typical disease affecting many different factors of humanity. University students in Saudi Arabia may be at increased risk of depression owing to the pressure and stress they encounter. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to focus on the level of prevalence of depression among undergraduate university students in Saudi Arabia. A total of 460 journal sources were screened, which resulted in 3 appropriate journal sources for the final inclusion in the study on the prevalence of depression. A systematic review was used to evaluate several kinds of literature on the prevalence of depression among undergraduate university students.35 0Item Restricted “What is the impact of gardening on the psychological health of adults? A scoping review.”(Exeter University, 2024-03-06) Alomiri, Abeer; Garsid, RuthRecently, there have been concerns that the prevalence of mental disorders has increased significantly, threatening the mental health of a large segment of the population. Therefore, there has been a call to improve the psychological health of the general population using non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., gardening and green spaces). Although several scoping reviews have examined the psychological outcomes of green spaces, there is a lack of scoping reviews that examine the psychological outcomes of gardening. Scoping reviews in this research area can be valuable because they identify potential methodological limitations, informing future research. Further, they can explore the scope of evidence, which can identify unanswered research questions. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to explore the scope of evidence as well as identify the methodological limitations in this research area in order to inform future research. The scoping review was guided by a framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005). Different databases were used to access relevant studies, including Scopus, Medline, and the Web of Science Core Collection (WSCC). The search yielded 26 studies. Gardening can lead to a wide range of psychological outcomes, including a reduced risk of depression, with a higher effectiveness of community gardening in decreasing depression compared to individual/home gardening, a decrease in anxiety, mental resilience and relief from stress, escape, enjoyment, and relaxation, better cognitive performance, a sense of community and social relationships, and a greater sense of meaning of life, although there is a greater effect size in individualistic than collectivist cultures and an overly simplistic approach to the association between gardening and psychological outcomes. Further, there were several methodological limitations, such as limited use of objective measures (e.g., salivary cortisol levels, fMRI), a lack of use of the Core Outcome Sets (COS), a lack of studies with long-term follow-up, a lack of studies that examined the difference between doing the gardening activity and the mere presence of being at the gardening site, and a lack of studies from different countries (Africa, Asia, and South America). Limited studies examined the impact of mediators and moderators. Further, known facts were usually not taken into account. Researchers are advised to address these methodological gaps, as this will improve the quality of evidence in this emerging research area. Moreover, policymakers are advised to provide the required financial support to urban planners to increase the presence of gardens, as they can encourage local people to engage in gardening activities. Further, initiatives that introduce community gardening in public gardens can be adopted by local governments worldwide. Keywords: gardening, green spaces, psychological health, depression, anxiety, stress12 0Item Restricted Gender-based depression factors of older adults in England during the COVID-19 pandemic(University of Sheffield, 2023-08-29) Alkunaydiri, Shaden; Path, PeterAbstract Background The proportion of older adults in the United Kingdom is increasing. In addition, 487,100 older adults experience a major depressive disorder and 191,740 experience chronic depressive disorder. Depression was one of the significant mental health issues that attracted increasing attention soon after the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Several studies conducted among older adults investigated the change in depressive symptoms and have yielded inconsistent findings. However, studies on gender-based depression factors for older adults in the UK during the pandemic are limited. This study aims to examine differences in depression depending on gender and other participant characteristics and identify factors related to depression by gender among older adults in the UK. Methods This study conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) Covid-19 sub-study (wave 1). Depressive symptoms were assessed by the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Differences in depression during the pandemic periods and factors related to depression by gender were assessed by chi-square tests and binary logistic regression using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS). Results Seven thousand and forty participants were included; 56.5% of the sample were women, 43.5% were men, and the most frequently occurring age group was people aged 60–69. The depression scores among women were significantly higher than those of men. Gender was statistically associated with depression. Self-reported health, quality of sleep and social isolation were the most significant predictors of depression for both older men and women. However, current employment status due to COVID-19 and low educational level were specifically related to depression in older women. For older men, alcohol drinking and lower communication with family were significant factors of depression. Conclusions Our results suggest women experienced higher scores of depressions than men in response to the pandemic. However, the differences in factors related to depression among men and women were almost similar. These findings underscore the necessity to assess and intervene with the factors affecting depression to preserve the psychological well-being of older adults. Nevertheless, future policies should also 1 consider developing ways that support the influence groups to limit the adverse impact on mental health and maintain optimal mental health status during the pandemic crisis.32 0Item Restricted Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression Among Respiratory Therapy Professionals in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-08) AlQahtani S, Ali; Zimmerman, RalphBackground: Anxiety and depression are prevalent concerns among psychologists, psychiatric professionals, and behavioral scientists across the world. Anxiety is defined as worry-filled thoughts and a pervasive sense of impending doom. It is a broad concern about what will or might occur in the future. Depression is a debilitating disorder, leading to higher death rates and a significant decline in the quality of life. It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and lack of happiness. Therefore, anxiety and depression could have a detrimental effect on the well-being and productivity of respiratory therapists. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence and severity of anxiety and depression among respiratory therapists employed by public and private hospitals in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 5 and October 7, 2023. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was distributed electronically to respiratory therapists' email addresses through direct collaboration with RT department heads. Data were collected from RT professionals in both public and private hospitals by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The data analysis and statistical description provided by the participants were displayed as means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages. A one-way ANOVA test was used to determine the significant differences in HADS scores among categorical groups. Results: A total of 307 responses were received from RTs working in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The majority of them were from public hospitals (74.3%) and (25.7%) from private hospitals. The study findings showed that the prevalence of anxiety and depression among RT professionals in the western of SA were found to be 38.8% and 37.5%, respectively. In addition, HADS scores were significantly higher among RT professionals who were female, current smokers, divorced, or widowed. However, HADS showed that anxiety was significantly higher among RT professionals with clinical experience between 1-4 years as well. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression were common psychological disorders among respiratory therapists in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Higher odds of anxiety and depression were significantly found among females, staff with clinical experience between 1 and 4 years, smokers, and divorced/widowed staff. Further studies are required to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among RTs in all regions of Saudi Arabia.29 0Item Restricted Workplace Factors Associated with Psychological Effects in Paramedics, A systematic Review and Meta- Analysis(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-10-13) Zahran, Rahaf; Brad, MetcalfThis systematic review and meta-analysis study aims to assess the correlation between workplace factors and psychological effects on paramedics. A search of four databases found 1794 papers, from which 31 were deemed eligible from the years 2000 to 2023. Their methodological quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skill Program (CASP, 2018) tool and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STOBE) guidelines to help in assessing cross-sectional studies. The results give the overall effect size with an OR=1.65 and a P<0.001, indicating statistical significance for the first forest plot. Similarly, forest plot 2 demonstrates an overall effect size with a correlation r= 0.29 and a P<0.001, also indicating statistical significance. In summary, this review found a small and positive correlation in reported odds ratio studies. For Pearson correlation r reported studies, a moderate and positive correlation were found linking psychological effect to workplace factors in paramedics. The limitation of this study included research published in English and variation in reporting results in the studies. The findings will inform future research and help policymakers, healthcare organizations, and practitioners in developing strategies to support paramedics' mental health and enhance quality of care.20 0Item Restricted الاكتئاب لدى المرأة العانس وعلاقته بجودة الحياة(جامعة الجزائر, 2023-05-17) Alqahtani, Nada; نعيمة، زطوطوهدفت الدراسة الحالية الى الكشف عن العلاقة بين الاكتئاب لدى المرأة العانس وعلاقته بجودة الحياة، وجرت الدراسة على عينة من النساء العوانس قوامها (100) عانس لم يسبق لها الزواج، وقد اعتمدت في ذلك على المنهج الوصفي (الارتباطي – المقارن) لملائمته لطبيعة الدراسة، وذلك في المجتمعين السعودي والجزائري. استعملت الباحثة مقياس بيك (back) للاكتئاب، ومقياس جودة الحياة للإجابة على تساؤلات الدراسة وفرضياتها التي نصت على (سرد الفرضيات) كما اعتمدنا على الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (spss) في المعالجة الإحصائية للمعطيات. اسفرت النتائج على عدم وجود فروق في جودة الحياة بين المرأة العانس (السعودية والجزائرية) ووجود علاقة عكسية بين الاكتئاب وجودة الحياة.277 0Item Restricted Substance Use and Mental Health Conditions Among US Active Duty Military Personnel: Prevalence and Associated Factors(2023-04-13) Alulaiyan, Mohammed; Alqaderi, Hend; Tavares, Mary; Vardavas, Constantine; Alhazmi, HeshamObjective: To assess the relationship between three mental health conditions (post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], and depressive symptoms), and cigarette smoking or marijuana use. We also explored this relationship when adding sleep duration (as a mediator variable). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and secondary data analysis of the 2015 Department of Defense (DoD) Health Related Behaviors Survey (HRBS). Prevalence and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of PTSD, GAD, and depressive symptoms with the sociodemographic characteristics of the United States (US) active service duty members were measured. Weighted multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) and 95% CI of the associations between PTSD, GAD, depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking or marijuana use. Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the role of sleep duration in the relationship between the exposures and outcomes mentioned. Results: Our study population includes 3372 service members that had at least one mental health disorder. The data showed that the prevalence of PTSD, GAD and depressive symptoms were higher among individuals who work in the Army (47.07%, 42.45%, 44.43% respectively) followed by the Navy (26.20%, 26.36%, 24.50%), Marines (15.11%, 18.90%, 20.09%), Air Force (10.08%, 10.44%, 9.52%) and lastly the Coast Guard (1.54%, 1.84%, 1.47%). The regression analyses showed that among those who did not receive mental health therapy, the estimated aOR of PTSD is 2.33 times higher for cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers [95% CI= 1.45, 3.74]. Additionally, the estimated aOR of GAD is 1.76 times higher for marijuana users compared to non-users [95% CI= 1.23, 2.51] and 2.26 times higher for cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers [95% CI= 1.60, 3.20]. Regarding depressive symptoms, the estimated aOR were higher for both marijuana users and cigarette smokers compared to non-users and non-smokers respectively. Specifically, the estimated aOR for marijuana users was 1.67 [95% CI= 1.05, 2.63], and for cigarette smokers it was 2.09 [95% CI= 1.35, 3.22]. When the association was investigated among different military branches, we found a statistically significant association between PTSD and both marijuana use and cigarette smoking among the Marines [aOR= 2.20, 95% CI= (1.18, 4.10), and aOR= 3.36, 95% CI= (1.73, 6.53)] respectively, when compared to individuals who did not use marijuana or smoke cigarettes. Among the Air Force, only marijuana use was statistically significantly associated with PTSD [aOR= 1.81, 95% CI= (1.02, 3.23)] when compared to non-users, and finally, cigarette smoking was statistically significantly associated with PTSD among Coast Guard members [aOR= 1.80, 95% CI= (1.22, 2.66)], when compared to non-smokers. For the mediation analysis, sleep duration was found to be a partial mediator in the relationship between smoking or marijuana use and mental health. Conclusion: Our study found that marijuana and cigarette use were associated with higher odds of GAD and depressive symptoms among military personnel who did not receive mental health therapy. Our findings indicated an interplay between mental health conditions, cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and sleep, and that sleep duration partially mediated the relationship, which suggest that improving sleep behavior could potentially improve mental health among individuals who smoke or use marijuana.20 0Item Restricted The Treatment of Unipolar and Bipolar Depression Today(Saudi Digital Library, 2014) Aljohani, Ahmed Said; Breznoscakova, DagmarDepression is a second major cause of disability worldwide. It divides into two most important types, major depression and bipolar depression. The various American and European guidelines for the treatment include major depression and bipolar disorder providing similar basic treatment principles, which include individualizing the treatment plan, preparing the patient for potential long-term treatment, providing measurement based care, and remission treatment. While the guidelines are all evidence-based, certain factors can influence differences in specific recommendations. The similarities and differences among the three sets of guidelines from Europe and North Americas are reviewed here (American Psychiatry Association, British Association for Psychopharmacology, and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments). The similarity and differences include which psychopharmacology, psychotherapy or other option can be used. Some factors or special situations e.g. pregnancy or older age can affect the choosing of the treatment principle.20 0