Energy Transition in Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Study of Renewable Energy Legal Frameworks Between Saudi Arabia, the United States, and the European Union

Abstract

Climate Change poses unprecedented challenges to the planet, driven by increased greenhouse gas emissions, with serious negative impacts on the environment, society, and the economy. Given that the energy sector accounts for most greenhouse gas emissions, it remains crucial to addressing Climate Change through effective legal and policy mechanisms that encourage a shift towards renewable energy sources. This thesis explores the development of international Climate Change and renewable energy laws by reviewing the legal frameworks established by international bodies, the United States, and the European Union. By adopting a comparative approach to the subject matter, the study analyses how the aforementioned frameworks contributed to the development of renewable energy and attracted investment. Notwithstanding the lofty aims of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and its Saudi Green Initiative for economic and energy diversity, the country still faces numerous legal challenges in its renewable energy industry, namely regulatory inefficiencies. The successes and deficiencies of legal frameworks in use in more mature renewable energy markets, such as the United States and the European Union have been identified through analysis and can help inform potential legal transplants that suit the Saudi legal system. Recommendations include implementing a renewable energy act, establishing a renewable portfolio standard, promoting competition, increasing stakeholder involvement, and following international treaties. The methodology used will incorporate both comparative and analytical aspects. This will be achieved through legal theory, policy, and practice drawn from international, American, and ivEuropean experiences. The final aim of this dissertation is to help develop a robust legal framework for renewable energy in Saudi Arabia that supports its objectives of advancing Climate Change efforts and sustainable development.