International Agreements Enforcements in Saudi Arabia: by Finding Defined Enforceable Mechanism

Abstract

Introduction 9 Chapter 1: Study Context - Modern International Concerns for Saudi Arabia. 21 1.1. Introduction 21 1.2. Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 22 1.3. International Concerns in the Context of Vision 2030 26 1.3. International Investment 32 1.4. International Concerns on Expropriation. 40 1.5. Application of Shari’ah Law in the Expropriation Context 43 1.6. International Dispute Resolutions 44 1.7. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) 47 1.8. Saudi Arabia and International Organizations 52 1.8.1. World Trade Organization (WTO) 52 1.8.2. United Nations (UN) 63 1.9. Conclusion 65 Chapter 2: King’s Regulation of International Affairs 69 2.1. Introduction 69 2.2. Monarchy and International Relations 70 2.2. King's Competences in The Field of Executive Authority (Administrative Field). 72 2.3. King's Competences in The Field of Regulatory Authority. 75 2.4. King's Competences in Extraordinary Circumstances. 79 2.5. State of Emergency (Exception). 80 2.6. The State of War. 82 2.8. Implications for Treaty-Making and Enforcement 84 2.7. Chapter Summary 85 Chapter 3: Crown Prince’s Authority 87 3.1. Introduction 87 3.2. Authority of the Crown Prince 88 3.3. Reference of Regulations When it Comes to Inheritance of The Kingdom. 89 3.4. Procedures of Appointing Crown Prince. 90 3.5. Powers of the Crown Prince. 92 3.6. Implications of the Crown Prince’s Powers on the Treaty-Making Process 94 3.7. Chapter Summary 95 Chapter 4: A Brief Overview of The Saudi Legal System 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. The Basic Law of Governance 100 4.3. Saudi Government Authorities (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial). 102 4.3.1. The Executive Branch 102 4.3.2. The Legislative (Regulatory) Branch 104 4.3.3. The Judicial Branch 110 4.4. Regulatory Tools used at Royal Discretion in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 117 4.4. Distinguishing Characteristics of Treaties 121 4.4.1. Definition of Treaties 122 Closed Treaties 124 Semi-Open Treaties 126 Open Treaties 129 4.5. Creation of Treaties 131 4.5.1. Negotiation 131 4.5.2. Signature 135 4.5.3. Approval 138 4.5.4. Ratification 141 4.5.5. Reservations, Declarations, Understandings, and Provisos 143 4.5.6. Entry into Force and Treaty Publication 145 4.6. Enforcement of Treaties 148 4.7. Interpretation of Treaties 154 Evolutionary Interpretation 157 Emerging Consensus 158 Margin of Appreciation 160 4.8. Ratification 162 4.8.1. Actors in the Making and Ratification of International Agreements 162 4.8.1.1. The Executive Branch 163 4.8.1.2. The Judicial Branch 165 4.8.1.3. The States 166 4.8.2. Laws Governing the Making of International Agreements 166 4.8.3. United States Constitution 167 4.8.3.1. Treaties 167 4.8.3.2. Executive Agreements 167 4.8.4. Federal statutes 172 4.8.4.1. Treaties 172 4.8.4.2. State laws and regulations 174 Chapter Summary 177 Chapter 5: The Saudi Arabia Treaty-Making Process and Mechanisms for Internal Enforcement 179 5.1. Introduction 179 5.2. Treaties in the Context of Shari’ah Law and its Importance in Saudi Arabia 180 5.3. Importance of Treaties in Saudi Arabia 182 5.4. Overview of the Treaty-Making Process in Saudi Arabia 183 5.4.1. Negotiation and Drafting 184 5.4.2. Review by Relevant Authorities 185 5.4.3. Approval by the Government 186 5.4.4. Ratification by the King 186 5.4.5. Publication and Implementation 187 5.5. Historical Context of Saudi Arabia Treaty-Making 188 5.6. The Constitutional Framework for the Saudi Arabia Treaty Process 191 5.6.1. The Saudi Basic Law of Governance (1992) 192 5.6.2. Royal Decrees 192 5.6.3. The Council of Ministers 193 5.6.4. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) 193 5.6.5. Shari’ah Law 194 5.6.6. The National Assembly (Shura Council) 194 5.6.7. Implementation of Treaties 194 5.7. The King’s Role in Treaty Approval, Ratification, and Implementation 195 5.8. Saudi Public Interest under Shari’ah and its Implications on Treaty Ratification Process 197 5.8.1. Definition of Maslahah (Public Interest) in Shari’ah 198 5.8.2. Applications of Public Interest (Maslahah) 199 5.8.3. Maslahah in Treaty Decisions 199 5.8.3.1. Maslahah in Treaties Relating to Economic Cooperation 200 5.8.3.2. Human Rights Treaties and Shari’ah Principles 201 5.8.3.4. Environmental Treaties and Maslahah 202 5.8.3.5. National Security Treaties and Maslahah 202 5.8.3.6. Rejection of Treaties Based on Maslahah 203 5.8.4. Governance Institutions and their Role in ensuring that Maslahah in Treaty-Making Process in Saudi Arabia 203 5.8.4.1. Board of Senior Scholars (Hay'at Kibar al-Ulama) 204 5.8.4. 2. Shura Council (Majlis al-Shura) 205 5.8.4.3. Council of Ministers 207 5.8.4.4. Supreme Judicial council 208 5.8.4.5. Ministry of Justice 210 5.8.4.6. Islamic Banking and Finance Institutions 211 5.8.4.7. King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Center 212 5.8.4.8. Public Prosecution 212 5.8.4.9. Specialized Committees and Councils 214 5.8.5. Case Studies on Treaties that have been Affected by Maslahah 216 5.9. Implementation of Treaties Within Saudi Arabia Domestic Laws 220 5.9.1. The Need for Implementing Legislation 220 5.9.2. The Impact of Treaties on Domestic Law 224 5.10. Mechanisms for Enforcing Treaties Internally in Saudi Arabia 230 5.10.1. Royal Decrees 230 5.10.2. The Council of Ministers 230 5.10.3. Ministries and Government Agencies 231 5.10.4. The Shura Council (Consultative Council) 231 5.10.5. Judiciary and Legal Framework 232 5.10.6. Regulations and Administrative Orders 232 5.10.7. International Organizations and Committees 232 5.11. Effectiveness of Saudi Arabia Treaty Enforcement Mechanisms 233 5.11.1. Successes in Implementation and Compliance 233 5.12. Challenges and Limitations of Enforcing Treaties 237 5.12.1. Compliance with Shari’ah Law 237 5.12.2. Sovereignty and National Interests 238 5.12.4. Conflict with Domestic Laws 240 5.12.5. Public Opinion and Cultural Sensitivities 242 5.13. Ongoing Debates and Political Dynamics in Saudi Arabia’s Treaty Process 244 5.13.1. Shari’ah Law vs. International Norms 244 5.13.2. The Role of Religious Authorities 245 5.13.3. Economic Globalization and Sovereignty 245 5.13.4. The Impact of Regional Politics 246 5.13.5. Saudi Arabia's Relationship with the United States and Other Western Powers 247 5.14. Chapter Summary 247 Chapter 6: The United States Treaty-Making Process and Mechanisms for Internal Enforcement in Comparison to Saudi Arabia 251 6.1. Introduction 251 6.2. Overview of the Treaty-Making Process in the U.S. 252 6.3. Historical Context of U.S. Treaty-Making 254 6.3.1. Constitutional Foundations 255 6.3.2. Key Historical Treaties and Their Impact 256 Treaty of Paris (1783) 256 Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803) 258 North Atlantic Treaty (1949) 259 Treaty of Versailles (1919) 260 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1947) 260 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982) 261 6.4. The Constitutional Framework for the U.S. Treaty Process 262 6.4.1. Article (2), Section (2) of the U.S. Constitution 262 6.4.2. The Roles of the President, Senate, and House of Representatives 263 The President 263 The Senate 263 The House of Representatives 264 6.4.3. Negotiation and Drafting of Treaties in the U.S. 266 6.4.4. U.S. Senate Approval Process 267 6.4.5. Historical Examples of Successful and Failed Ratifications 268 The Paris Agreement 268 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) 268 New START Treaty (2010) 269 6.5. Implementation of Treaties Within U.S. Domestic Laws 270 6.5.1. The Need for Implementing Legislation 270 6.5.2. The Impact of Treaties on Domestic Law 272 6.6. Mechanisms for Enforcing Treaties Internally in the U.S. 274 6.6.1. Federal and State Compliance 274 6.6.2. Role of Federal Agencies 275 6.6.3. Judicial Enforcement of Treaties 275 6.7. Effectiveness of U.S. Treaty Enforcement Mechanisms 277 6.7.1. Successes in Implementation and Compliance 277 6.7.2. Challenges and Limitations of Enforcing Treaties 277 6.7.3 Ongoing Debates and Political Dynamics 280 6.8. Comparison of Saudi Arabia Treaty Process with the U.S. Approach 282 6.9. Applicability of U.S. Treaty-Making and Enforcement Mechanisms to Saudi Arabia 284 6.9.1. Potential Adaptations and Challenges 284 6.9.2. Cultural and Political Considerations 285 6.10. Chapter Summary 287 Chapter 7: Treaty-Making and Enforcement in France: A Comparative Analysis with Saudi Arabia 288 7.1. Introduction 288 7.2. The Treaty-Making Process in France 289 7.2.1. Constitutional Framework 289 7.2.2. Types of Treaties 290 7.2.3. Procedure for Ratification 291 7.2.4. Role of the Executive and Legislative Branches 291 7.3. Internal Enforcement Mechanisms in France 292 7.3.1. Incorporation into Domestic Law 292 7.3.2. Judicial Mechanisms 292 7.3.3. Role of Government Agencies 292 7.4. Effectiveness of France’s Treaty Enforcement Mechanisms 293 7.4.1. Case Studies on International Treaties 293 The Treaty of Maastricht of 1992 293 The European Constitution of 2005 293 7.4.2. Challenges and Limitations 294 7.5. Comparative Analysis: Applicability of France’s Treaty Process to Saudi Arabia 294 7.5.1. Political Environment Considerations 295 7.5.2. Cultural and Legal Considerations 295 7.6. Potential Recommendations for Adaptations and Reforms 296 1. Enhancing Public Participation in Treaty-Making 296 2. Strengthening Legislative Oversight and Parliamentary Involvement 297 3. Aligning Treaty Processes with International Best Practices 298 4. Addressing Compliance and Enforcement Challenges 299 7.7. Chapter Summary 300 Chapter 8: Treaty-Making and Enforcement in United Arab Emirates (UAE): A Comparative Analysis with Saudi Arabia 302 8.1. Introduction 302 8.2. The Treaty-Making Process in the UAE 303 8.2.1. Constitutional and Legislative Framework 303 8.2.2. Steps Involved in Formulating Treaties 310 8.2.3. Role of the Executive and Legislative Branches 310 8.3. Internal Enforcement Mechanisms in the UAE 311 8.3.1. Incorporation into Domestic Law 313 8.3.2. Judicial Mechanisms 315 8.3.3. Role of Government Agencies and Compliance Bodies 316 8.4. Effectiveness of the UAE’s Treaty Enforcement Mechanisms 19 8.4.1. Case Studies on International Treaties 316 8.4.2. Challenges and Limitations 317 8.5. Comparative Analysis: Applicability of UAE’s Treaty Process to Saudi Arabia 318 8.5.1. Overview of Saudi Arabia’s Legal Framework for Treaties Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.5.2. Comparison with UAE Treaty Process Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.6. Potential Recommendations for Adaptations and Reforms Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.7. Chapter Summary Error! Bookmark not defined. Chapter 9: Conclusion and Recommendations 319 9.1. Overview 321 9.2. Recommendations for Improving Saudi Treaty-Making Process 322 9.2.1. Legislative Oversight and Public Accountability (Lesson from the USA): 322 9.2.2. Judicial Review for Constitutional Consistency (Lesson from France): 324 9.2.3. Modernization and Flexibility (Lesson from UAE): 326 9.2.4. Balancing Domestic and International Obligations (Lessons from All): 328 9.3. Chapter Summary 331 References 332