Optimization and Characterization of Phoenix dactylifera L. Extracts on Anti-oxidant, Anti-melanogenesis, and Anti-diabetic Potentials

Abstract

The optimization of the extraction of various dates from Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, and other locations and their polyphenolic content as well as antioxidant activities were described in the prior literature; however, no systematic statistical technique was applied [1,18,19]. Additionally, the majority of the optimization of the extraction process was performed solely using RSM methodology, but the illustrious scientists made no attempt to compare the efficacy of predictive modeling with alternative, more effective methods such as ANN. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use heat extraction (HE) with RSM and ANN to enhance the polyphenolic components and antioxidant activity of ripe Ajwa Date Seed (ADS) extracts. The aim was to use the RSM Box Behnken Design (BBD) tool to investigate and optimize extraction parameters such as extraction temperature, time, and ethanol concentration to acquire the maximum polyphenolic content and antioxidant potentiality from ADS. We argue that the projected values generated by the RSM-BBD approach correspond to the actual results and that this statistical tool is an effective model to optimize ADS polyphenolic compound extraction and antioxidant activity. The estimating capabilities and modeling effectiveness of the RSM and ANN models were also statistically examined. Additionally, we have also profiled the secondary metabolites of ADS using high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. About 15% of world population accounts for consuming whitening agents of skin in Asia along with increased interest about inner beauty products of skin whitening. Human skin, hair, and iris color are all determined by melanin, which is biosynthesized by three enzymes in human (74,80). Accumulation of melanin is dysregulated by melanogenesis process within the intracellular melanosomes presented in melanocytes [80]. Tyrosinase is a multifunctional enzyme taken part in production of melanin, which catalyzes the hydroxylation and subsequent oxidation of tyrosine, making it a crucial and rate-limiting processes of melanogenesis. It has been reported that tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYP1) catalyzes the oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxy indole-2-carboxylicacid (DHICA), and hydroxylation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalnin (DOPA) (monophenolase) and the oxidation of DOPA to dopaquinone (diphenolase) in mice [76,80]. But this activity has been questioned in humans. Tyrosinase is structurally designed to store two copper ions in its active site for catalytic activity. Potentially chelating copper, extracts may limit tyrosinase activity in the skin, which would prevent melanogenesis. [81]. Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) is a tautomerize. Melanosomes are the sites of activity for the three enzymes, all of which are metal-containing glycoproteins. Furthermore, melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF) is a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates melanocyte proliferation, differentiation, and melanogenesis [78,79]. MITF is responsible for regulating the expression of these enzymes. Thus, the downregulation of melanogenesis-related proteins is one way to investigate the anti-whitening effect. In recent, there are no reports on potential regulation of melanogenesis of ADS. The purpose of present study was to confirm inhibitory effects of ADS on melanogenesis underlying mechanism.