SACM - Australia
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9648
Browse
2 results
Search Results
Item Restricted State Responsibility and the Breach of International Law by Non-State Armed Actors: Case of the Syrian Conflict(Flinders University, 2024-11-04) Alshamrani, Abdullah; Esmaeili, HosseinThe increase in armed conflicts and the involvement of states with supporting or working with non-state armed actors presents significant challenges to international law. The most critical challenge revolves around attributing to the supporting or controlling state the activities of non-state armed actors that may violate international law. The thesis discusses and explores the liability arising from the actions of non-state armed actors that may violate international law, in the context of the Syrian conflict. The thesis first reviews the legal framework for state responsibility in cases of internationally wrongful acts, significantly with respect to working with and supporting non-state armed actors in conflicts. The lack of clear criteria for determining state responsibility for supporting or controlling these actors has complicated efforts to address violations of international law, allowing states to pursue their interests indirectly through non-state armed actors, leading to complex conflicts that may be characterised as proxy wars, as has occurred in the Syrian conflict since 2011. The current situation in the Syrian conflict is possibly the most prominent example of the challenges in determining state responsibility for supporting non-state armed actors that may violate international law. The Syrian conflict may be characterised by multiple dimensions, including non-international, international and sectarian conflict. The thesis focuses on analysing three prominent non-state armed actors operating in the Syrian conflict. These are Shabiha (supported by the Syrian government), Hezbollah (a Lebanese group active in Syria, supported by Iran and Syria), and People's Defense Units (YPG) (a Kurdish group supported by the United States). Additionally, the thesis aims to address the existing knowledge gap regarding a state's responsibility for the acts of non-state armed actors that may breach international law in the Syrian conflict. Moreover, the shortcomings of the current international legal situation concerning attributing the actions of these actors to the states concerned are highlighted. The thesis analysed and examined various previous international judgments, particularly those dealing with methods of attribution that have been tested. The findings of the thesis demonstrate two primary conclusions. First, there is a lack of clarity in international law regarding methods and criteria for defining and examining the attribution of international responsibility to a state when it supports or collaborates with non-state armed actors. Furthermore, ARSIWA’s shortcomings regarding the attribution of conduct lies in its inability to encompass the diverse aspects and methods in which states enable utilize non-state armed actors to breach international law. These deficiencies are particularly evident in two essential aspects: the lack of clear control criteria and definition and incorporation of the principle of due diligence. Second, after examining and analysing the non-state armed groups in this research, along with their affiliations and relationships with relevant states, the study concludes that actions by these groups that potentially breach international law may be attributed to the involved states as follows: (A) The activities of Shabiha can be attributed to the Syrian government; (B) Hezbollah's activities might be attributed to Iran, the Syrian government, and the Lebanese government; and (C) the US’s support for the YPG in the conflict raises concerns about potential violations of the principles of non-interference and the prohibition on the use of force as stipulated in Articles 2(4) and 2(7) of the UN Charter.24 0Item Restricted Clinical Potential of Three Dimensional (3D) Printed Materials in Restorative Dentistry(Sydney University, 2024-03-13) Alshamrani, Abdullah; Ellakwa, AymanOver the past two decades, rapid prototyping technology, specifically threedimensional (3D) printing, has gained significant popularity in the dental field. It has revolutionized dental restoration processes, leading to improved quality, patient comfort, and overall satisfaction. This thesis explores the integration and benefits of 3D printing technology in various dental applications. The initial chapters provide an overview of the importance of 3D printing technology in dentistry and highlight its advantages over traditional techniques. The focus is on the enhanced production processes, adaptability, and faster fabrication methods offered by 3D printing. Furthermore, the future prospects and limitations of this technology are discussed, with emphasis on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of 3D-printed dental materials. A key area of investigation pertains to the mechanical properties of 3D-printed dental resin materials. Different printing layer thicknesses and post-printing methods are explored to determine their effects on flexural strength, microhardness, and degree of conversion. Findings reveal that a printing layer thickness of 100 μm yields the highest flexural strength compared to thinner layers. Moreover, post-printing treatments significantly impact the flexural strength and hardness of the 3D-printed resin material. To further enhance the mechanical and biocompatibility properties of dental resin, different nanoparticle additives are incorporated into the resin. Specifically, the addition of zirconia and glass silica nanoparticles is investigated. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of these microfillers significantly improves the flexural strength and biocompatibility of the dental resin material. This finding suggests the clinical application potential of reinforced 3D-printed resin in restorative dentistry. Continuing the exploration of microfillers reinforcement, another chapter focuses on the incorporation of zirconia glass (ZG) ) with an average particle size of approximately 0.4 μm and glass silica (GS) microfillers with an average particle size of approximately 1.5 μm in 3D-printed crown resin materials. Mechanical performance comparable to unmodified resin is achieved, but increased surface roughness needs further optimization to ensure aesthetic considerations are met. In addition to examining resin materials, a separate chapter explores a novel 3D printing technology called lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM), specifically for printing ceramic materials. The mechanical properties of ceramic materials printed using LCM are evaluated, providing insights into their potential applications. Finally, the thesis concludes by summarizing the major findings and conclusions derived from the previous chapters. Future directions and challenges in the field of 3D-printed dental materials are also discussed, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize nanoparticle concentrations, evaluate long-term clinical outcomes, and enhance the overall effectiveness and suitability of these materials in restorative dentistry. In summary, this thesis contributes to the advancement of 3D-printed dental materials, offering valuable insights into their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and potential applications. The integration of 3D printing technology in dentistry has transformed the field, paving the way for more effective and durable dental restorations.14 0