SACM - Australia
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Item Restricted Clinical Potential of Three Dimensional (3D) Printed Materials in Restorative Dentistry(Sydney University, 2024-03-13) Alshamrani, Abdullah; Ellakwa, AymanOver the past two decades, rapid prototyping technology, specifically threedimensional (3D) printing, has gained significant popularity in the dental field. It has revolutionized dental restoration processes, leading to improved quality, patient comfort, and overall satisfaction. This thesis explores the integration and benefits of 3D printing technology in various dental applications. The initial chapters provide an overview of the importance of 3D printing technology in dentistry and highlight its advantages over traditional techniques. The focus is on the enhanced production processes, adaptability, and faster fabrication methods offered by 3D printing. Furthermore, the future prospects and limitations of this technology are discussed, with emphasis on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of 3D-printed dental materials. A key area of investigation pertains to the mechanical properties of 3D-printed dental resin materials. Different printing layer thicknesses and post-printing methods are explored to determine their effects on flexural strength, microhardness, and degree of conversion. Findings reveal that a printing layer thickness of 100 μm yields the highest flexural strength compared to thinner layers. Moreover, post-printing treatments significantly impact the flexural strength and hardness of the 3D-printed resin material. To further enhance the mechanical and biocompatibility properties of dental resin, different nanoparticle additives are incorporated into the resin. Specifically, the addition of zirconia and glass silica nanoparticles is investigated. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of these microfillers significantly improves the flexural strength and biocompatibility of the dental resin material. This finding suggests the clinical application potential of reinforced 3D-printed resin in restorative dentistry. Continuing the exploration of microfillers reinforcement, another chapter focuses on the incorporation of zirconia glass (ZG) ) with an average particle size of approximately 0.4 μm and glass silica (GS) microfillers with an average particle size of approximately 1.5 μm in 3D-printed crown resin materials. Mechanical performance comparable to unmodified resin is achieved, but increased surface roughness needs further optimization to ensure aesthetic considerations are met. In addition to examining resin materials, a separate chapter explores a novel 3D printing technology called lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM), specifically for printing ceramic materials. The mechanical properties of ceramic materials printed using LCM are evaluated, providing insights into their potential applications. Finally, the thesis concludes by summarizing the major findings and conclusions derived from the previous chapters. Future directions and challenges in the field of 3D-printed dental materials are also discussed, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize nanoparticle concentrations, evaluate long-term clinical outcomes, and enhance the overall effectiveness and suitability of these materials in restorative dentistry. In summary, this thesis contributes to the advancement of 3D-printed dental materials, offering valuable insights into their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and potential applications. The integration of 3D printing technology in dentistry has transformed the field, paving the way for more effective and durable dental restorations.14 0Item Restricted Development of 3D printed resin-based nanocomposites for dental prosthetic restorations(Saudi Digital Library, 2023) Aati, Sultan Yahya A; Fawzy, AmrProsthetic dentistry is an essential practice for maintaining the structure of the oral cavity. Resin-based materials have been clinically recognized as substitutes to restore lost teeth and function. 3D printing technology has significantly strengthened the production of dental prostheses due to its precision and economic advantages. The oral environment commonly subjects synthetic substitutes to excessive functional stress, causing degradation and clinical failure due to insufficient material integration and toughness. Additionally, the inherent physical properties of dental materials promote microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Therefore, the development of 3D printed resin is imperative to enhance the clinical performance of dental restorations.42 0Item Restricted PRINTHOTICS SCAN: OPTIMISING 3D SCANNING FOR THE FABRICATION OF ANKLE-FOOT ORTHOSES(Saudi Digital Library, 2023) Farhan, Muhannad Abdulqader A; Burns, JoshuaChildren with neuromuscular diseases and movement disorders are often prescribed ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) to manage postural and gait impairments. Traditionally, the first step of AFO fabrication is a plaster cast of the foot, ankle and lower leg, which is dependent on clinician expertise and purpose-built workspaces, can be time consuming and generates significant waste material. 3D scanning technologies have the potential to replace plaster casting and contribute to a digital manufacturing workflow, involving 3D printing. Many different types of 3D scanners are commercially available, and Chapter One highlights that there is evidence that some 3D scanners perform better than others when scanning different body regions. However, an extensive evaluation of the role of 3D scanning for the fabrication of AFOs, particularly for children and adolescents, is missing from the literature. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to develop a comprehensive understanding of the accuracy, speed and feasibility of the 3D scanning process as well as a standardised 3D scanning protocol to advance digital AFO workflows. Chapter Two provides a systematic review comparing the speed, accuracy and reliability of 3D scanning with traditional methods for fabricating orthoses. From the six included studies, 3D scanning appears to be faster especially for experienced users, however accuracy and reliability between methods is variable. Furthermore, there was no clinical evidence of how 3D scanners perform in comparison with traditional methods of fabricating AFOs. Therefore, a series of studies were conducted. In Chapter Three, the development and refinement of the 3D scanning protocol for multiple high-cost and low-cost 3D scanners to capture foot, ankle and lower leg morphology, including preliminary accuracy and reliability testing, was conducted. The 3D scanners tested using a bespoke scanning jig (‘the Scan Stand’) were: Artec Eva (Eva), Structure Sensor (SSI) Structure Sensor Mark II (SSII), Sense 3D Scanner 2nd Gen (Sense), Spectra, Trnio 3D Scanner App for iPhone 11 (Trnio 11), Trnio 3D Scanner App for iPhone 12 Pro Max (Trnio 12). In Chapter Four, the accuracy and speed of the seven 3D scanners to capture foot, ankle and lower leg morphology in 10 healthy participants was evaluated. The Eva, SSI and SSII demonstrated acceptable accuracy. All 3D scanners required less than 5:30 minutes to complete the scan. Overall, the high-cost Eva and low-cost SSII were identified as the best performing 3D scanners and progressed to the next study to evaluate their accuracy and speed against traditional plaster casting in a clinical population. In Chapter Five, 10 children and adolescents prescribed AFOs attending the Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network were 3D scanned with the Eva and SSII using a novel one-person (1p) and two-person (2p) protocol incorporating the Scan Stand. The high-cost Eva and low-cost SSII 3D scanners using the 1p and 2p protocols produced comparable measures of key clinical landmarks compared with plaster cast measures, and were considerably faster, for the fabrication of AFOs in children and adolescents with a neuromuscular or movement disorder affecting gait. In Chapter Six the clinical and research implications of identifying two suitable 3D scanners and scanning protocols for capturing foot, ankle and lower leg morphology of children who require AFOs are discussed.86 0