SACM - United Kingdom
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://drepo.sdl.edu.sa/handle/20.500.14154/9667
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Item Restricted Saudi Arabian English Teachers' Perception About Teaching Speaking And Oral Communication In Secondary Public Schools(Brunel University, 1445-05-29) Aljnaidi, Alya; Aman, RuthThe overarching aim of this study was to understand the experiences of teachers who teach English speaking and oral communication in Saudi secondary schools to understand the challenges and recommend appropriate interventions. This study particularly investigated the subsequently delineated research question: "How do Saudi teachers perceive teaching English speaking and oral communication as a foreign language in secondary schools?” It additionally investigated the sub-questions: How do teachers perceive their own speaking skills and use of teaching practices in oral communication? What are the challenges of teaching oral communication and speaking in the context of English as a foreign language? In response to these questions, the interviews conducted with Saudi ELT teachers in the secondary schools revealed that teaching English speaking and oral communication skills is difficult because they lack exposure to the English Language and thus have limited knowledge of it. ELT teachers' limited knowledge of English was also attributed to poor training in phonology and the inability of education courses to meet their needs during pre-service training. As a result of prevailing knowledge gaps and limited exposure to the language, the interviewed ELT teachers reported that they lacked confidence in teaching English speaking and oral communication skills and tended to revert to using the Arabic language excessively to hide their deficiencies. The interviews conducted with Saudi ELT teachers in the secondary schools also revealed that teaching English speaking and oral communication skills is difficult because of system-level factors. These system-level factors pertain to the assessment methods employed by public secondary schools and the lack of resources. The interviewed Saudi ELT teachers noted that there is an absence of speaking and listening tests in their schools, which means that they are compelled to focus on reading, writing and grammar since assessment methods are primarily written. 4 Additionally, the teachers lamented about the skewed focus on textbook evaluation which means that important resources to support students' oral proficiency, such as audio CDs, are largely ignored and not provided. Finally, the interviews conducted with Saudi ELT teachers in the secondary schools revealed that teaching English speaking and oral communication skills is difficult because of student attitudes towards learning and cognitions about what constitutes a qualified ELT teacher. The teachers reported that most of their students conceptualize English as merely a subject that must be passed instead of a language they must learn to speak to communicate effectively with others.21 0Item Restricted Enhancing Graph-Routing Algorithm for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks(University of Glasgow, 1445-08-18) Alharbi, Nouf Helal; Mackenzie, LewisIndustrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) are gaining increasing traction, especially in domains such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). Devised for industrial automation, they have stringent requirements regarding data packet delivery, energy consumption balance, and End-to-End Transmission (E2ET) time. Achieving effective communication is critical to the fulfilment of these requirements and is significantly facilitated by the implementation of graph-routing – the main routing method in the Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (WirelessHART), which is the global standard of IWSNs. However, graph-routing in IWSN creates a hotspot challenge resulting from unbalanced energy consumption. This issue stems from the typical configuration of WirelessHART paths, which transfers data packets from sensor nodes through mesh topology to a central system called the Network Manager (NM), which is connected to a network gateway. Therefore, the overall aim of this research is to improve the performance of IWSNs by implementing a graph-routing algorithm with unequal clustering and optimisation techniques. In the first part of this thesis, a basic graph-routing algorithm based on unequal clustering topologies is examined with the aim of helping to balance energy consumption, maximise data packet delivery, and reduce the number of hops in the network. To maintain network stability, the creation of static clusters is proposed using the WirelessHART Density-controlled Divide-and-Rule (WDDR) topology. Graph-routing can then be built between Cluster Heads (CHs), which are selected according to the maximum residual energy rate between the sensor nodes in each static cluster. Simulation results indicate that graph-routing with the WDDR topology and probabilistic unequal clustering outperforms mesh topology, even as the network density increased, despite isolated nodes found in the WDDR topology. The second part of this thesis focuses on using the Covariance-Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) algorithm. This addresses the three IWSN requirements that form the focus of this research, by proposing three single-objective graph-routing paths: minimum distance (PODis), maximum residual energy (POEng), and minimum end-to-end transmission time (POE2E). The research also adapts the CMA-ES to balance multiple objectives, resulting in the Best Path of Graph-Routing with a CMA-ES (BPGR-ES). Simulation results show that the BPGR-ES effectively balances IWSN requirements, but single-objective paths of graph-routing does not achieve balanced energy consumption with mesh topology, resulting in a significant reduction in the efficiency of the network. Therefore, the third part of this thesis focuses on an Improvement of the WDDR (IWDDR) topology to avoid isolated nodes in the static cluster approaches. The IWDDR topology is used to evaluate the performance of the single-objective graph-routing paths (PODis, POEng, and POE2E). The results show that in IWDDR topology, single-objective graph-routing paths result in more balanced energy consumption.13 0