SACM - United Kingdom
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Item Restricted PHENOTYPING RIGHT VENTRICULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION USING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Aljehani, Areej; Rick, SteedsArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ARVC) is a rare inherited disease characterised by an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death often presenting before structural changes are apparent. Early detection and risk stratification for major adverse cardiac events are crucial to improving patient outcomes. However, limited data exist on identifying patients at high risk for MACE. This thesis aimed to comprehensively characterise, over time, a cohort of ARVC patients from a large tertiary university centre, with a focus on advanced cardiovascular imaging findings. It encompassed both retrospective and prospective studies across different disease stages of ARVC. We identified significant differences between definite and early stages of ARVC, with structural progression strongly associated with an increased risk of MACE. Notably, advanced imaging techniques, particularly strain imaging, demonstrated superior performance in detecting structural abnormalities and predicting MACE compared to conventional imaging parameters. Exercise-derived strain imaging showed superior diagnostic value compared to conventional resting measures. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating advanced imaging tools into the routine assessment and risk stratification of ARVC patients to enable early intervention and improve long-term outcomes.10 0Item Restricted CLEAR ALIGNER TREATMENT BY GENERAL DENTAL PRACTITIONERS IN THE U.K: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) BADABAAN, GHOFRAN MOHAMMED S; JOHAL, AMA; COLONIO-SALAZAR, FIORELLAIntroduction: The aim of this mixed-methods study is to understand the training and experience of GDPs (of less and more than 10 years qualified), in providing CAT for adults in private practice. Materials: A mixed methods approach was adopted, including an online questionnaire and one-to-one semi-structured interviews with GDPs who had completed a 32Co webinar course in CAT. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively using MS Excel and SPSS v24 (Part 1) and qualitative data using framework methodology (Part 2). The qualitative and quantitative data were integrated through the triangulation process (Part 2). Results: In total, 100 completed surveys (55 males; 55 >10 years qualified) and 16 semi-structured interviews (9 males, 11 >10 years qualified) were conducted, 10 main themes and 29 sub-themes were generated from the interviews. GDPs (qualified >10 years) had gained basic understanding of the theoretical background of CAT. GDPs working experience in CAT (regardless of the years of qualification) was limited to simple mild-moderate malocclusion traits. Participants explored several reasons for choosing a specific provider. GDPs (>10 years of qualification) were more confident in complex treatment mechanics, including IPR and more aware of the reasons for undertaking and staging IPR and various attachment shapes. A retention preference following CAT provision was laboratory-made upper and lower fixed retainers, especially in complex malocclusions that have a high risk of relapse, as well as VFRs either in isolation or in combination. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that the training courses were of limited benefit to gain deep understanding of theoretical and clinical aspects of CAT. GDPs felt confident in treating mild or moderate malocclusion traits. GDPs with longer years qualified were more comfortable in using complex treatment mechanics and aware of the reasons for using and staging IPR. Retention preference following CAT to adult patient varied widely.5 0Item Restricted Healthcare Professionals' Understanding of Children's Rights: Development and Psychometric Testing of the Children's Rights Questionnaire(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alshammari, Sahar Mazied N; Noble, Helen; Linden, MarkThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) emphasises the active participation of children in matters related to their well-being. While numerous studies highlight the significance of understanding children’s rights, there is a notable lack of validated and reliable tools to assess healthcare professionals' (HCPs) comprehension of these rights. This gap poses challenges for consistent evaluation and progress tracking in both research and clinical practice. To date, studies have relied on invalid and unreliable measures, limiting their generalisability and underscoring the urgent need for the development of robust assessment tools. HCPs play a crucial role in advocating for and implementing children’s rights; however, their understanding of these rights vary significantly. Addressing this gap is essential for enhancing advocacy efforts among HCPs. Aim: This study aimed to develop and psychometrically test the Children’s Rights for Healthcare Professionals Questionnaire (CRHPQ) to assess HCPs’ understanding of children’s rights. The study pursued four key objectives: (a) to establish and test the CRHPQ for face and content validity, (b) to determine its construct validity and internal consistency, (c) to examine its test-retest reliability, and (d) to utilise the CRHPQ in comparing the understanding of children's rights between HCPs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Kingdom (UK). Methods: A systematic review was conducted to critically appraise and synthesise the existing literature on HCPs’ understanding of children’s rights. The questionnaire was developed following a rigorous multi-phase process, including expert validation, pilot testing, and ii psychometric evaluation with a diverse sample of HCPs. The scale development methodology comprised two phases. Phase 1: focused on the development of the CRHPQ, detailing the steps involved in constructing the scale, including item generation, format selection, expert review for content validity, and pilot testing. The role of both the Children’s Project Advisory Group (CPAG) and the Adult Project Advisory Group (APAG) in refining the scale was also highlighted. The research team collaborated with advisory groups to assess the clarity, importance, and relevance of the questionnaire items, ensuring alignment with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) seven standards of children’s rights based on the UNCRC. The CRHPQ was piloted with 26 students to evaluate content validity. Phase 2: addressed the validation of the CRHPQ, involving scale administration and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to examine its construct validity. Reliability assessment, including internal consistency and test-retest reliability, was conducted to evaluate the scale’s stability and consistency. To test the psychometric properties of the CRHPQ, an exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency tests were performed. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 272 HCPs to assess the construct validity of the CRHPQ. Participants were recruited from three major hospitals using a convenience sampling strategy. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including reliability testing and factor analysis. Test-retest reliability was assessed with postgraduate healthcare students at Queen’s University Belfast. Participants completed the questionnaire twice, with a two-week interval. Recruitment was conducted via module coordinators, and data were collected online. A minimum of 30 paired responses was required, but 40 participants were recruited to ensure sufficient data. iii A cross-sectional online questionnaire study compared HCPs’ understanding of children’s rights in KSA and the UK. Primary data from 40 randomly selected HCPs in KSA were compared with responses from 40 postgraduate healthcare students in the UK. In KSA, participants were drawn from the larger sample of 272 HCPs, while in the UK, postgraduate students were recruited for accessibility and relevant clinical training. Results: The systematic review identified three main themes: (1) barriers to implementing children’s rights in healthcare, (2) factors facilitating implementation, and (3) study instruments used to measure outcomes. Several barriers hindered the implementation of children’s rights, including limited knowledge, misconceptions about legal and ethical principles, time constraints, resource shortages, and workforce pressures. Parental dominance in decision-making and a lack of formal training further exacerbated these challenges. Despite these challenges, certain factors facilitated the implementation of children’s rights. HCPs with specialist training demonstrated a stronger understanding and application of these rights. Effective communication strategies, such as age-appropriate explanations and trust-building, were crucial in encouraging children’s participation in decision-making. Institutional policies and legal frameworks also played a role in promoting consistent rights- based practices. Statistical analyses confirmed the CRHPQ’s validity and reliability, establishing it as a robust tool for measuring HCPs' awareness and comprehension of children’s rights. The EFA revealed a seven-factor solution consisting of 53 items. Internal consistency, assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, demonstrated excellent reliability (α = 0.979). Test-retest reliability analysis, completed by 40 HCPs, indicated moderate reliability, with four out of seven subscales exhibiting poor test-retest reliability. In its first application, iv the CRHPQ was employed to compare HCPs' understanding of children’s rights in the UK and KSA. An independent t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in total scores between the two groups, t(50.529) = 2.034, p = .047 (two-tailed), suggesting that HCPs in the UK had a higher understanding of children’s rights than those in KSA. Conclusions: The CRHPQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing HCPs’ understanding of children’s rights. This research underscores the importance of equipping HCPs with the knowledge necessary to provide rights-respecting care in line with global frameworks such as the UNCRC. Findings indicate significant variations in understanding across different contexts, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to enhance HCPs’ awareness of children’s rights. The CRHPQ not only identifies understanding gaps but can also be utilised to support the development of educational programmes to improve HCPs’ understanding and application of children’s rights. Integrating rights-based approaches into healthcare is crucial, necessitating training, policy development, and practical application. Ultimately, the CRHPQ has the potential to drive systemic change in healthcare practices globally, ensuring that children’s rights are consistently upheld.17 0Item Restricted Impact of TGFβ on Differentiation of Macrophages(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alsahli, Khalid; James, HewistonTransforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is an important cytokine that helps in macrophage differentiation and immune homeostasis in the tissue. This study explored the role of TGFb in the differentiation of macrophages and examined the response of the macrophages differentiated in the presence and absence of TGFβ to proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimulus. Macrophages differentiated with TGFβ were found to grow as a dark and round cell. Further, the expression of the synapse and adherence proteins, F4/80 and CD11b were found to be lowered in TGFβ treated macrophages compared to untreated cells. However, TGFβ differentiated macrophages has higher expression of MHCII and CD64 indicating the M2 polarization and better antigen presentation capability of the cells. It has been found that TGFβ differentiated macrophages has over 1000 times over expressed NOS2 to LPS stimulus and at the same time over expressed Retlna to IL4 stimuli. This indicates the controlled inflammation and antiinflammation in the TGFβ treated macrophages compared to untreated cells. The presence of low levels of nitric oxide in the cell supernatant in the TGFβ differentiated macrophages compared to normal macrophages indicate the controlled inflammation. Together this study suggests that TGFβ differentiate macrophages to M2 type with better antigen presenting ability and controlled inflammatory response to the external stimuli. This highlights the role of TGFβ in immune regulation during infection and tissue homeostasis5 0Item Restricted Appropriate polypharmacy in older people: an assessment of evidence and methodological approaches(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alqahtani, Mubarak; Hughes, CarmelIntroduction Improving appropriate polypharmacy in older individuals remains challenging. Numerous interventions have been designed to address this, yet their effectiveness is debated. Variations in outcomes and their related measurement create inconsistencies and hinder comparative analysis across studies. This thesis aims to examine various aspects of polypharmacy including the evaluation of effective interventions, the methodologies used in measuring outcomes, and the assessment of intervention fidelity and complexity. Methods A systematic review, conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration's methodology, assessed the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving appropriateness of polypharmacy in older people. An extensive search across four databases, two trial registries, and other sources was performed to identify relevant trials. The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guideline was applied to select outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) for use with a previously developed polypharmacy core outcome set (COS). OMIs were identified from systematic reviews targeting appropriate polypharmacy in older adults. The quality of the OMIs was assessed, and a Delphi study (two rounds) was conducted with a range of stakeholders to reach a consensus on OMIs for measuring outcomes in the polypharmacy COS. A paper-based assessment study applied the five domains of the National Institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium (NIH-BCC) framework to examine intervention fidelity in the trials included in the systematic review. Finally, the ten dimensions (six core dimensions and four optional dimensions) of the intervention Complexity Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews (iCAT_SR) tool were used to evaluate the complexity of interventions in the reviewed trials in the systematic review. Results A total of 18 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was included in the systematic review. It was uncertain whether interventions included in these RCTs improved medication appropriateness (as measured by an implicit tool), reduced the number of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) or potential prescribing omissions (PPOs), or decreased the proportion of patients with one or more PIMs or PPOs (as measured by explicit tools). The certainty of evidence was very low. The systematic review also highlighted inconsistencies in outcome reporting and measurement due to high heterogeneity across the trials. Following the COSMIN guideline, 20 potential OMIs for the polypharmacy COS were identified and assessed for quality of measurement properties. Of these, seven OMIs [‘number of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs)’, ‘medication appropriateness index’, ‘number of patients who fell’, ‘total number of prescriptions’, ‘EuroQol-5D’, ‘number of deaths’, and ‘number of symptoms of side effects’] met the COSMIN criteria for good measurement properties and demonstrated the best quality of evidence. These OMIs were presented to 50 participants from various countries and professional backgrounds who participated in the Delphi consensus study. Consensus was reached on three OMIs for the polypharmacy COS: ‘number of serious ADRs’, ‘number of deaths’, and ‘number of patients who fell’, corresponding to measuring ‘serious ADRs’, ‘mortality’, and ‘falls’, respectively. No consensus was reached for the remaining four OMIs. Using the NIH-BCC framework's five domains, intervention fidelity in the 18 trials was assessed, resulting in an overall poor fidelity rating. None of the trials covered all five domains. Barriers and facilitators to implementing effective interventions were also identified. Using the iCAT_SR tool the evaluation of each trial consistently revealed high complexity in only one core dimension: the behaviour or actions of the intervention recipients or participants targeted by the intervention. The four optional dimensions were assessed as unclear or incapable due to insufficient detail in study reports, making consistent application challenging across trials. Conclusion Evidence on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving the appropriateness of polypharmacy among older people remains uncertain. The identification of OMIs may support the use of the polypharmacy COS in future studies to measure and compare intervention effects, and facilitate the synthesis of trial findings, generating stronger evidence in systematic reviews. Poor fidelity and variation in intervention complexity in the included trials highlight the need for well-designed studies with highly standardised approaches to reporting these elements in interventions to improve the appropriateness of polypharmacy in older persons.3 0Item Restricted Aspect-based Evaluation of Airport Service Quality on Passenger Online Feedback using Artificial Intelligence Approaches(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) ALANAZI, MOHAMMED SAAD; Li, JunThis thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of airport service quality through the lens of passenger feedback, utilizing advanced computational techniques such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). The primary objectives of the research include developing and validating predictive models, employing Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), standardizing evaluation aspects across different platforms, and conducting a comparative analysis of feedback from various online sources. To achieve these objectives, a substantial dataset of approximately 300,000 reviews was collected from platforms such as airlinequality.com, TripAdvisor, Google Maps, and Twitter. This diverse and extensive dataset enabled a detailed examination of passenger sentiments related to key aspects of airport services, including facilities, terminal, security, check-in processes, wayfinding, and staff behaviour. The application of ABSA highlights specific areas of service excellence and those requiring improvement. The research introduced methodological innovations by integrating multiple data sources and employing advanced predictive models, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Trees, Random Forests, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. These models demonstrated high accuracy and reliability in predicting passenger sentiments, offering robust tools for real-time monitoring and proactive management of airport service quality. A standardized evaluation framework was developed to ensure consistent assessments across different platforms, enhancing the reliability and comparability of the findings. The comparative analysis revealed distinct trends and characteristics in passenger feedback across various platforms, providing a comprehensive understanding of passenger experiences and expectations. The theoretical contributions of this thesis include the advancement of sentiment analysis methodologies, the integration of diverse online data sources, and the development of a standardized framework for service quality assessment. Practically, the research provides actionable insights for airport management to enhance service quality and improve passenger satisfaction. The findings also have broader applicability across various service-oriented industries, demonstrating the versatility and impact of the methodologies developed. In conclusion, this thesis sets a new standard for the analysis of airport service quality, providing a detailed, reliable, and actionable framework that can be applied universally across different review platforms and service contexts. The findings offer valuable insights for enhancing passenger experience and driving service improvements in the aviation industry and beyond.3 0Item Restricted The Maritime Counterterrorism Governance Mechanisms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alsufyyan, Khaleed; Wallace, Stuart; Walker, CliveThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s (KSA) mechanisms for combating maritime terrorism are inadequate, with current governance structures and laws insufficiently developed to address threats effectively and fairly. This thesis critically examines KSA’s policies, laws, and institutional mechanisms for countering maritime terrorism, with a particular focus on maritime cybersecurity, submarine critical infrastructure, and port operations, assessing their effectiveness and fairness. Through documentary analysis and fieldwork interviews, this research identifies key gaps in legal frameworks, policy implementation, and institutional deficiencies that hinder KSA’s ability to effectively and fairly counter maritime terrorism. A central challenge lies in the role of Sharia within KSA’s legal system and the interpretative difficulties it presents in addressing maritime terrorism. Since Sharia does not explicitly address maritime terrorism, legal ambiguities arise that affect the enforcement of modern counterterrorism laws. The reliance on Sharia, rather than specific responses to contemporary security needs, has resulted in governance gaps, limiting KSA’s ability to respond comprehensively to maritime threats. Another significant factor identified in this research pertains to challenges in KSA’s maritime strategy and policy framework. The absence of a comprehensive and transparent maritime strategy, along with fragmented sectoral policies, has created challenges in addressing emerging threats such as maritime terrorism. The lack of cohesion in strategy, insufficient coordination with the private sector, and inconsistent enforcement of existing policies further limit the country’s ability to effectively and fairly counter maritime terrorism. In addition to identifying the factors contributing to the shortcomings in maritime counterterrorism governance mechanisms in KSA, this thesis proposes reforms to enhance KSA’s policy, law, and institutional frameworks. These recommendations draw insights from the governance experiences of the UK, which form the basis for policy transfer to strengthen KSA’s maritime counterterrorism governance mechanisms.5 0Item Restricted Teaching of Mathematics in Primary Schools: The Role of Technology in Reducing Maths Anxiety(Saudi Digital Library, 2024) Alshehri, Ahmed Amer; Gisela, OliveiraAbstract This research study explored the role of digital technology in reducing math anxiety among primary school students from the perspectives of teaching staff. The primary aim was to understand how integrating digital tools into math education can reduce students' math anxiety, which negatively affects their performance and long-term engagement with mathematics. The research is set within the broader context of educational technology and its impact on emotional and cognitive learning outcomes, particularly within primary education. A quantitative research approach was adopted, utilizing a structured questionnaire to gather data from primary school teachers on their perceptions of technology integration, challenges in its use, and its potential to reduce math anxiety. Various statistical techniques, such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis, were used in this study to explore the relationships between key variables. The results indicate that increased Technology Integration significantly reduces math anxiety, while Challenges of Technology Use, such as technical difficulties and lack of training, exacerbate it. Other variables, including the Importance of Technology in Education, Future Expectations, and Impact on Students' Learning, did not significantly affect math anxiety. The study concludes that digital tools can effectively reduce math anxiety, but their success largely depends on addressing teachers' practical challenges in implementing these technologies. It is recommended that educators and policymakers should focus on improving access to training and support for teachers to maximize the benefits of technology in math education. This research contributes to understanding how technology can influence both the emotional and academic aspects of learning. In addition, the finding of this study offers a pathway for creating more supportive and engaging learning environments for students specially in the context of Mathematics subject.21 0Item Restricted Dental Hygienists’ Contribution to the Oral Health Workforce in Supporting the Oral Health of People in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alolayah, Anfal; Gallagher, JennyIntroduction The oral health workforce plays a central role in the World Health Organization's Global Strategy and Action Plan on Oral Health, which highlights the need for transformative changes in workforce models to address population oral health needs. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), poor oral health is a significant public health concern alongside other non-communicable diseases. Despite advancements in healthcare aligned with Saudi Vision 2030, the oral healthcare system faces challenges, including workforce imbalances, limited preventive oral healthcare, and disparities in oral healthcare access. Globally, dental hygienists play a role in prevention and oral health education, significantly contributing to both clinical and community settings to enhance access to oral healthcare; however, in KSA, their capacity is limited, and their role are unclear. Research is needed to evaluate the current role of dental hygienists in KSA, identify barriers to their optimal integration into oral healthcare delivery, and explore opportunities to expand their contributions in line with national and international goals, for better oral health outcomes. Aim To explore dental hygienists’ current role and practice in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and how this may possibly change in future to better support the oral health of the population as part of the oral health workforce. Methods A sequential mixed-methods approach was adopted, comprising a questionnaire survey followed by semi-structured interviews. Study 1 (Quantitative Survey): An online questionnaire was distributed to dental hygienists across KSA to collect data on their demographic profiles, working environments, service delivery practices, career motivations, and job satisfaction. Statistical analysis included tests like chi- 3 square tests, correlation coefficients, and binomial tests to identify key patterns and associations. Study 2 (Qualitative Interviews): Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants for virtual semi-structured interviews, including dental hygienists, dentists, and dental nurses. Interviews explored perceptions of the dental hygiene profession, its role in oral healthcare, and the barriers and facilitators to its integration into the healthcare system. Framework thematic analysis was applied to identify and interpret key themes. Findings of each study were reported separately and later integrated into the discussion. Results This study draws on diverse perspectives and shows trends within the dental hygiene workforce in KSA. While the survey response rate (9%, n=91) from dental hygienists and qualitative sample size (20) from dental team members present certain limitations, the findings still offer insights into the profession, highlighting areas for further exploration. A strong desire to work in healthcare, serve others, and contribute to public health motivated 97% of responding hygienists, while 51% of those for whom dental hygiene was their first career were influenced by early exposure to dental hygiene, either through personal dental care experiences or professional experience in the field. The findings from interviews highlighted the importance of informed decision-making in achieving career satisfaction, as participants pursued the profession seeking professional recognition, high-income potential, and job security. When these expectations were unmet, dissatisfaction and retention issues arose, with 58% of survey respondents considering leaving the profession. Findings suggested limitations in the scope and settings in which responding dental hygienists operate with a focus on the provision of oral hygiene instruction (95%) and scaling (87%), in predominantly urban locations (59%), hospital environments (86%), and public sector facilities (59%). Limited involvement in community-based care or with vulnerable groups restricts their contributions to broader public health goals. Fifty percent of the respondents to the survey were satisfied with their job, citing the extent 4 to which hygienists could fully utilise their skills as a key factor. Those working independently of dentists reported higher satisfaction levels. Findings from the interviews highlighted barriers that hinder the optimal utilisation of dental hygienists including limited skillsets, insufficient delegation of tasks by dentists, and inadequate access to essential resources. Participants proposed strategies to address these issues, such as enhancing undergraduate programmes, offering tailored continuous professional development, and fostering interprofessional collaboration through joint education and training. Developing a clearly defined scope of practice and establishing clear clinical guidelines were also recommended. Participants in the interviews, including hygienists, dentists, and dental nurses, perceived that the profession is underutilised but envisioned opportunities for growth. While individual views on specific areas of expansion varied, collectively, they pointed toward a more expanded role for dental hygienists. Proposed expansions included a stronger presence in primary oral healthcare, increased involvement in community settings, and broader responsibilities within dental practices. Participants recognised that achieving this requires improvements in both the profession and the healthcare system. For the profession, key areas include career counselling, standardised education and licensing, a comprehensive scope of practice, expanded training programmes, and leadership development. These measures would attract motivated students, strengthen professional identity, and sustain workforce commitment. For the healthcare system, strong governance is important, including a dedicated oral health department, data-driven planning, efficient resource allocation, preventive care pathways, policies addressing health risks, and improved oral health literacy. These initiatives would secure role for hygienists and enhance oral healthcare delivery in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion The findings suggest that while dental hygienists' current role, scope of practice and workplace locations in KSA are limited, opportunities exist to expand their role within the oral healthcare workforce to better support oral healthcare delivery which relate to careers, education and training, governance, care delivery and leadership. Expanding the role of dental hygienists aligning the oral health care system in KSA with global best practice is recommended.3 0Item Restricted THE USE OF BIM IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS IN SAUDI ARABIA: INVESTIGATE ITS BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES AND SUGGEST AN IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alqahtani, Ghanem Hamed; Rolla, Monib; Supervisor's, NameDigital technologies have significantly impacted construction and facility management globally. Building information modelling (BIM) is a powerful tool intended to improve the performance and management of a building as it progresses through its lifecycle. However, its application in Healthcare Facility Management (HFM) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) remains limited. This dissertation examines BIM's advantages, disadvantages, and potential for implementation in KSA healthcare operations. This study uses a mixed-method approach to investigate BIM awareness, implementation, perceived barriers, and the roadmap to adoption through quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. The results found that BIM provides numerous benefits, including increased maintenance planning, energy efficiency, and cost control. Adoption challenges include high initial costs, expertise shortage, resistance to change, and data security concerns. The study is in line with Saudi Vision 2030 and, therefore, supports the integration of technology and sustainable FM to improve the healthcare infrastructure of the Kingdom. This study adds insights into BIM's potential to improve HFM and recommends it for professionals and researchers. To address existing challenges and utilise BIM technology, this research aims to improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and technological advancement of the healthcare system in the KSA.4 0