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    Exploring the Role of Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review
    (Queen Mary University of London, 2024-08-12) Saddeek, Razan; Tranchida, Vincent
    Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a global public health challenge lasting more than 3500 years, can be linked to a greater probability of morbidity and mortality. It may contribute to psychiatric and neurological diseases, making it a recognized incident of injury and a 'disease process'. TBI is categorized into two stages: primary injury and secondary injury, and it is categorized into three levels: severe, moderate, and mild. Clinical assessment of TBI patients includes neuroimaging, assessment of the patient's state of consciousness, pupil examination, and evaluation of the cranial nerves. However, these assessments do not provide enough detail about the underlying mechanisms of TBI. Biomarkers have been extremely beneficial in the development of a wide range of clinical conditions, such as those in the fields of cardiology, cancer, hematology, and infectious diseases. This research examines six biomarkers with potential as prognostic and diagnostic indicators of TBI. The biomarkers are S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), tau, neurofilament light chain (NF-L), and ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1). These biomarkers are found in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with TBI. The use of these biomarkers has shown their ability to assist in the early detection and assessment of disease severity, along with clinical prognosis after TBI. Furthermore, these biomarkers show a significant level of sensitivity in the detection of TBI, therefore limiting the need for unnecessary neuroimaging. This research also highlights the limitations and challenges associated with these biomarkers. Ultimately, the primary objective of this research is to provide a thorough understanding of traumatic brain injuries and their diagnosis using biomarkers.
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    Digital Oral Health Biomarkers - A Public Health Use A Rapid Systematic Review
    (King’s College London, 2024-05) Alhassan, Aseel Khaled; Zaric, Svetislav
    Aim: To Review currently available digital devices for early detection of oral diseases (dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancer) and evaluate their potential dental public health applications Methods: A literature search across seven databases, grey literature, and a hand search was performed (February 2024- April 2024) to investigate the recent developments in digital tools for early detection of dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer by non-dental care professionals. The search utilized keywords such as biomarkers, digital, diagnosis, saliva, caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancer. Results: The synthesis of findings revealed five studies on dental caries, seven on periodontal diseases, and five on oral cancer. Home-based kits in development showed promising initial results and acceptable clinical utility in detecting various oral diseases. Among these, the most notable tests included a wearable fluorescent mouthguard for dental caries, a light-induced fluorescence device for periodontal diseases, and a paper-based fluorescent sensor for oral cancer. The wearable mouthguard demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing early caries, making it suitable for public use in areas with limited access to dental care. The light-induced fluorescence device connects to a mobile app and provides a practical tool for continuous plaque detection and monitoring, promoting better oral hygiene. The paper-based fluorescent sensor offers rapid screening for oral squamous cell carcinoma, showing high sensitivity and specificity for home use. Despite the absence of rigorous clinical trials, the overall quality of evidence was cautiously appraised as primarily high, with seven articles rated high, four rated moderate to high, and four rated moderate. Conclusion: While biomarkers represent a significant advancement in diagnosing and preventing oral diseases, and the findings highlight the potential of digital diagnostic tools to enhance the early detection and management of oral diseases, further studies are required to facilitate their implementation for general public use.
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