SACM - Netherlands
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14154/68623
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Item Restricted FROM DISCLOSURE TO EXPLOITATION(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alsadi, Arwa Abdulkarim; Hernández, Gañán; van, EetenThe rapid growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, such as smart cameras, home routers, and smart thermostats, has transformed the digital landscape while also introducing new cybersecurity risks. IoT systems are often targeted by attackers due to outdated software, long device lifespans, and fragmented security practices. Although many IoT vulnerabilities are discovered and disclosed, only a small fraction are actually exploited in the wild. This raises important questions about which vulnerabilities are targeted, why attackers choose them, and how long they remain in use. This dissertation investigates how IoT vulnerabilities are selected for exploitation in practice, with a particular focus on attacker behavior, exploit development, and vulnerability characteristics. It systematically examines the interplay between these factors to understand how they collectively shape exploitation trends in IoT ecosystems. To answer the central research question on \textit{What factors shape the exploitation in IoT vulnerabilities, from target selection to exploit development and prediction?}, this dissertation presents four peer-reviewed studies. Chapter 2 provides a longitudinal analysis of over 17,000 IoT malware samples, revealing that only a handful of IoT vulnerabilities are targeted and often exploited for years after their disclosure. The average time-to-exploit a vulnerability after disclosure was found to be 29 months, far longer than in traditional IT systems. This temporal persistence highlights the enduring value of certain vulnerabilities within the attacker ecosystem. Chapter 3 examines factors influencing exploitation frequency in IoT vulnerabilities. It finds that attackers prefer vulnerabilities that are easy to exploit, affect widely deployed devices, and are difficult to patch. Technical severity scores, like CVSS, were less predictive than contextual factors such as device type and patch complexity. Chapter 4 addresses the limitations of existing prediction systems, such as the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), in assessing IoT-specific risk. By incorporating attacker community discussions from underground forums into a new predictive model, the study significantly improves accuracy and highlights the importance of behavioral and vendor-related features in anticipating exploitation for IoT devices. Finally, Chapter 5 shifts focus to the human element through interviews with 16 Proof-of-Concept (PoC) exploit developers. It finds that disclosure decisions are shaped by individual motivations, ethical considerations, and vendor interactions. PoCs developers play a key role in making vulnerabilities exploitable and often act as gatekeepers in the vulnerability ecosystem. This qualitative study examines the socio-technical dynamics influencing PoC developers’ decisions to publish exploits, and how these choices can shape target selection and enable the weaponization of vulnerabilities. Collectively, these findings show that targeting in IoT is not random but follows strategic patterns driven by cost, opportunity, and long-term exploit value. The dissertation argues that current governance mechanisms—market incentives, disclosure systems, and risk models, are misaligned with real-world exploitation practices and therefore fall short in addressing the distinct dynamics of IoT security. To address these gaps, it proposes a hybrid governance model that combines regulatory oversight, community collaboration, and market-based tools to more effectively manage the lifecycle of IoT vulnerability and exploitation.2 0Item Restricted The Concept of Journey in Sufism: Abbas Kiarostami’s Taste of Cherry as a Cinematic Safar.(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alsoghayer, Razan; Heidari, HemenThis thesis explores the intersection of Abbas Kiarostami's cinema and Sufi mysticism, focusing on his film Taste of Cherry (1997). Through a Sufi lens, it explores Kiarostami's expression of a spiritual journey, safar, which is an inward transformation process in Sufi mysticism. Kiarostami's films were investigatedas theoretical and practical embodiments (the physical, the psychological, the social, and the metaphysical) of safar. This thesis employs slow cinema theory and Sufi philosophy to view how Kiarostami's minimalistic cinematic techniques of long takes, lean dialogue, and repetitive narrative structures represent the spiritual search for oneself and divine truth. It demonstrates that Kiarostami's cinematic performance represents the social manifestation of the Sufi path, with the external flight symbolizing the interior process of spiritual purification and transcendence. It contributes to the overlooked discourse on the spiritual and philosophical dimensions of Kiarostami's cinema, offering a new angle in applying Islamic mysticism and Sufi thought to studying film.2 0Item Restricted evelopment of a Reporter Toolkit to Study Transcriptional Dynamics in Marchantia polymorpha(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alhammad, Ahmed; Weijers, Dolf; Borst, Jan Willem; García, Jorge HernándezTranscriptional regulation is pivotal for plant development and adaptation, yet mechanistic insights remain limited in liverwort plants. To bridge this, we developed a modular fluorescent reporter toolkit to enable real-time quantitative exploration of chromatin accessibility and polymerase recruitment in Marchantia polymorpha. Using a modular Golden Gate Cloning strategy, we engineered constructs tagging Histone 2B variants and RNA Polymerase II subunits with fluorescent proteins to monitor chromatin organization and polymerase activity. Furthermore, we designed a dCas9-based system coupled with the MpARF1 activation domain developed for targeted gene activation studies. Subsequently, stable transgenic lines expressing H2B.3-mScarlet-I exhibited nuclear-localized fluorescence, validating chromatin-specific labelling. While constructs for several RNAPII subunits were successfully assembled and transformed into Marchantia polymorpha, microscopy validation remains ongoing. Collectively, this toolkit provides a foundational resource for quantifying transcriptional dynamics, chromatin behavior, and RNAPII activity in non-vascular plants, thereby advancing synthetic biology applications and evolutionary studies of gene regulation. This adaptable toolkit provides essential molecular instruments for quantitative live-cell imaging and synthetic biology approaches in Marchantia polymorpha.11 0Item Restricted Dissecting Symbiosis Permissiveness in Parasponia andersonii(Wageningen University and Research, 2024-12-17) Alhusayni, Sultan Awwadh Sultan; Geurts, ReneNutrient limitations often constrain plant growth, leading to the use of chemical fertilizers, which can harm the environment. Biological nitrogen fixation, involving nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots, provides a sustainable alternative. My research aligns with this goal, focusing on non-legume plants, particularly the non-nodulating Trema orientalis RG33 and the nodulating Parasponia andersonii species. One key gene I investigated was SYMRK, essential for root nodules and AM symbioses in legumes. In T. orientalis RG33, I identified a point mutation in this gene, and when introduced into the P. andersonii SYMRK gene, it did not disrupt the gene's function, successfully restoring both root nodule formation and AM symbiosis in a P. andersonii symrk mutant. I also explored the ectopic expression of NSP2, which enhanced AM mycorrhization but inhibited nodulation in Parasponia. Lastly, I discovered that the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway, which regulates nodule numbers, is conserved in both legumes and non-legumes, providing a promising strategy for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-nodulating plants.7 0Item Open Access From Oil to Identity: Place branding for urban transformation in a top-down society (A case study of Saudi Arabia)(Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2024-12-11) Alsayel, Abdulrhman; Edelenbos, Jurian; De Jong, Martin; Fransen, JanThis dissertation investigates the transformation of Saudi Arabian cities under the ambitious Vision 2030 framework, focusing on the role of place branding within a centralized governance system. The research seeks to understand how cultural, institutional, and governance factors influence the effectiveness of place branding strategies in Saudi Arabia, offering a departure from Western-centric models that emphasize participatory and bottom-up approaches. By using Riyadh as a principal case study, the thesis sheds light on the implications of top-down city branding on urban development, cultural preservation, and social inclusivity. The research is structured into four interconnected papers. The first paper explores the tension between economic growth and social inclusivity through a comparative analysis involving Dubai, Amsterdam, and Toronto. The findings reveal that while creative city branding can drive innovation and attract investment, it often neglects inclusivity, leading to social exclusion. The second paper examines how various multi-level governance models impact the success of place branding in Saudi Arabia, demonstrating that cities directly aligned with central government resources tend to achieve more effective branding, though this can exacerbate regional disparities. The third paper delves into the cultural and institutional factors affecting place branding, emphasizing that while central government involvement can streamline efforts, it may limit local stakeholder engagement. The final paper focuses on the rebranding of Riyadh, drawing comparisons with global cities like Barcelona and Tokyo to reveal both the opportunities and social challenges associated with rapid urban transformation, such as gentrification and cultural homogenization. This thesis concludes that while centralized governance can expedite urban development and enhance city branding, maintaining cultural integrity and fostering social equity are essential to sustainable growth. The research advocates for future studies to employ mixed-method approaches for broader applicability and to explore comparative case studies in other centralized systems, such as China and the UAE, to enrich the understanding of place branding in non-Western contexts.33 0Item Restricted Improving Sleep Quality in Nurses Who Work Irregular Shifts: Necessity and first steps towards intervention(Maastricht University, 2024) Albakri, Uthman; Meertens, Ree; Kant, IJmert; Gabrio, AndreaThe primary aim of this dissertation was to develop and design a sleep health promotion intervention to improve sleep quality among nurses working irregular shifts, including night shifts. The initial step involved conducting an umbrella review to provide an overview of existing sleep health promotion interventions aimed at improving sleep quality and/or duration among healthy populations and to identify under-researched areas, one of which is nurses working irregular shifts. While the effects of shift work on health and sleep quality among shift workers are well-documented, the impact of irregular shifts specifically on nurses’ sleep quality has not been adequately evaluated. Moreover, the association between sleep quality and the need for recovery—often detrimental to health—remains largely unexplored. This significant research gap has not received sufficient attention. Given the limited evidence on how nurses cope with irregular shifts, understanding their coping mechanisms is crucial for developing effective sleep health promotion strategies to enhance their sleep quality and overall health. Although sleep hygiene strategies have been proposed for the general population, these do not all apply to nurses working irregular shifts, and the effectiveness of such strategies may vary from individual to individual. Additionally, the literature lacks clear guidelines on sleep hygiene strategies specifically tailored for nurses coping with this shift type. Therefore, it is essential to first develop personalized sleep hygiene strategies and assess their feasibility and effectiveness in improving sleep quality among these nurses.18 0Item Restricted THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENHANCING KPIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT(The Hague University, 2024-09-28) Alsamhan, Khulud; Le Fever, HansMANAGEMENT SUMMARY This thesis explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance human resource management (HRM), particularly in recruitment and onboarding. The study focuses on LinkedIn's AI tools, aiming to understand their effectiveness in improving key performance indicators (KPIs) and optimizing HR processes. The research draws on a broad literature review, examining the evolution of AI in HR. AI has shown potential in automating tasks like candidate screening and onboarding, but there are challenges, including biases in AI systems and the need for continuous improvement. Using Saunders' research onion framework, a mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining surveys and interviews with HR professionals who use LinkedIn's AI tools. This approach provided a comprehensive view of AI's impact on HRM. The results indicate that AI tools significantly enhance effectiveness by automating repetitive tasks and improving candidate matching, thus reducing the time-to-hire and increasing accuracy. However, some challenges remain, such as occasional inaccuracies and the need for better user training. It's clear that refining AI algorithms and incorporating human oversight can help address these issues. In onboarding, AI tools have been successful in automating administrative tasks and personalizing the onboarding experience. Feedback suggests that AI-driven processes help new hires feel more supported and prepared. The study concludes with recommendations for further research and practical steps for implementation. It highlights the need for ongoing refinement of AI tools, better integration practices, and comprehensive training for HR professionals. Future research should focus on long-term impacts and best practices for AI in HRM. In summary, AI has the potential to transform HRM by enhancing KPIs and optimizing processes. However, a balanced approach that combines technology with human judgment is essential for maximizing these benefits. This thesis provides a foundation for future advancements in using AI in HRM.40 0Item Restricted A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON RECOVERY ACTIVITIES(Maastricht University, 2024-10-15) Alameer, Khalid; Uitdewilligen, Sjir; Hüsheger, UteRecovery activities—such as physical, social, and low effort activities—play a vital role in mitigating the impact of work demands on health and in enhancing workplace functioning (Sonnentag, 2001; Sonnentag et al., 2022). Yet, understanding of the complex relationship between recovery activities and their outcomes, along with the mechanisms underlying this interplay, remains underdeveloped. This dissertation aims to structure and increase the existing knowledge on recovery activities by focusing on three primary objectives. The first objective is to develop an effective conceptual framework and measurement approach for recovery activities. This involves identifying and defining the dimensions that capture the spectrum of activities individuals engage in to recover from work-related stress and examining how these dimensions were differentially related to recovery experiences and recovery outcomes. The second objective is to identify the evening profiles —a mixture of different characteristics of recovery activities that a person participates in during their off-job time—and to explore how these profiles relate to recovery experiences and recovery outcomes such as work engagement and emotional exhaustion. The final objective is to investigate the reciprocal relations between recovery activities and employee well-being by examining how these variables influence each other on a weekly and bi-weekly basis. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction, highlighting the importance of regular recovery from work-related stress to alleviate its detrimental effects on health and well-being. This chapter discusses the rich history of recovery activities in the work and organization literature, the psychological mechanisms underlying their benefits, and the significant gaps in understanding the diversity of recovery activities and their specific impacts. It emphasizes the need for a differentiated approach to conceptualizing recovery activities and outlines the aims and research questions of the dissertation. Chapter 2 introduces the Recovery Activity Characteristics (RAC) framework, identifying seven dimensions of recovery activities—physical, social, creative, mental, spiritual, virtual, and outdoor. This chapter describes the development and validation of the RAC questionnaire and demonstrated how different dimensions of recovery activities uniquely influence recovery experiences and recovery outcomes within individuals. For instance, physical, mental, and creative dimensions were positively related to mastery experiences and morning vigor, while social and outdoor activities were related to enhancing psychological detachment and reducing emotional exhaustion. Chapter 3 explores profiles of evening recovery activity engagement using a multilevel latent profile analysis across different cultural samples and timeframes. Using data from a 10-day diary study and an 8-week weekly survey, distinct profiles (e.g., virtual-mental, outdoor-physical) were identified, which associated with specific recovery experiences and outcomes. For example, on evenings that employees fell into the "virtual-mental" profile, they experienced low psychological detachment and relaxation. Additionally, when they fell into the "outdoor-physical" profile, they showed high psychological detachment and low emotional exhaustion. The findings revealed that the impact of recovery activities on well-being depended on the unique combination of activity characteristics, highlighting the importance of considering the holistic context of recovery activities. Chapter 4 examines the reciprocal and temporal relationships between recovery activities and well-being indicators using the Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM). The shortitudinal study, which spanned eight weeks, showed that creative engagement in one week predicts an increase in work engagement the following week. However, not all hypothesized relations were significant, suggesting complex dynamics that need further investigation. Chapter 5 synthesizes the main findings, discussing their theoretical, methodological, and practical implications. This chapter highlights the importance of a multidimensional approach in studying recovery activities for promoting employee well-being and shows how different activity dimensions and profiles (i.e., a combination of dimensions) affect recovery experiences and outcomes. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research to further explore the causal pathways and practical applications of recovery activities in diverse organizational settings. In conclusion, this dissertation advances the understanding of recovery activities by introducing a novel dimensional framework and exploring the complex interactions of recovery activities and employee well-being. It offered valuable theoretical insights and practical implications for enhancing employee health and productivity. Future research should continue to investigate the causal pathways and practical applications of recovery activities to foster healthier and more productive organizational environments.14 0Item Restricted Diplomatic Families and Immunity in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations: Between Theory and Practice(Leiden University, 2024) Almohaidib, Rassel; Lam, OceanThe Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR) remains a cornerstone in formalizing international diplomatic practices, offering a structured framework for state interaction since its adoption in 1961. This research has explored both the theoretical foundations and practical applications of diplomatic immunities under the VCDR, revealing the convention’s adept balance between granting essential protections to diplomats and ensuring respect for the laws of host states. Our study underscores the intricate balance the VCDR strikes between the necessity of diplomatic immunity and the duty of diplomats to respect local laws, as exemplified by Article 41. The convention classifies diplomatic personnel with varying levels of immunity, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of their roles within diplomatic missions. However, the practical implementation of diplomatic immunities is a complex interplay of international norms, security concerns, and bilateral agreements, posing ongoing challenges in enforcement and accountability. State practices show a significant level of stability in defining ‘family’ within diplomatic contexts, mainly adhering to domestic legislation and mutual understanding despite cultural differences. Our findings suggest that changes in discriminatory practices are more likely to stem from cultural shifts rather than legal modifications. While Article 37(1) does not necessitate immediate changes, introducing mechanisms for addressing family-related claims could enhance the framework’s effectiveness. This research examined the alignment between diplomatic immunity for family members and the VCDR’s theoretical framework, the definition of ‘family’ on the application of diplomatic immunity, and the criteria within international law for defining a family member. Additionally, it aimed to understand the importance of a specific family definition that respects cultural differences and the implications of discrepancies between the VCDR’s theoretical framework and actual practices. Our findings indicate that while there is alignment with the theoretical framework, the inherent ambiguities make it challenging to pinpoint discrepancies. States generally agree on including spouses and minor children as family members but differ on other relatives, reflecting a need for a more specific yet culturally sensitive definition. Looking ahead, the ever-evolving dynamics of global diplomacy underscore the imperative for continuous evaluation and adaptation of diplomatic norms. Future research should be geared towards enhancing clarity in interpreting the VCDR, addressing gaps in diplomatic law, and fostering international cooperation in the face of shifting geopolitical landscapes. In conclusion, while the VCDR provides a robust foundational framework for diplomatic interactions, its practical implementation demands ongoing dialogue, collaboration among states, and adherence to evolving global standards. By navigating these complexities thoughtfully, we can uphold diplomatic integrity and foster productive international relations in the 21st century.12 0Item Restricted Assessing Discourses on Sustainability in Public-Private Collaboration for Promoting Coffee Programs in Saudi Arabia(Wageningen University and Research, 2024-03-22) Alshehri, Jamela; Mangnus, Ellen; Biesbroek, RobbertThe research examines sustainable programs aimed at improving coffee production in Saudi Arabia, specifically focusing on policies related to environmental and socio-economic concerns. The overarching objective is to provide recommendations that can enhance coffee production regulations and ultimately contribute to their improvement. Accordingly, two methodologies were utilized to address the research inquiries: stakeholder analysis and discourse analysis employing Dryzek's approach. Relevant data was gathered from official sources, including documents related to coffee production programs as well as speeches delivered by members of relevant organizations. The findings obtained from the initial method stress the importance of a coordinated approach, particularly through collaboration between government and private partners under the leadership of the Saudi Coffee Company, and to identify an entity that can unify efforts among diverse stakeholders. Moreover, the discourse analysis revealed three primary sustainability discourses identified throughout the document analysis, which are: 1. The integration discourse encompasses the three common dimensions of sustainability and ensures the translation of sustainability into actionable measures by leveraging technology; 2. the economic capitalism discourse with the aim of fostering economic growth for the area, including farmers and related sectors, while also targeting local demand and increasing global contribution; and 3. the discourse surrounding water scarcity emerges as a crucial aspect, necessitating investment in water-efficient technologies amidst rising competition for resources. The argumentative structure within the coffee program discourse highlighted the tension between economic development and environmental concerns by shedding light on the necessity of striking a balance to sustain coffee production while also considering environmental conservation and social responsibility. Exploring the challenges surrounding coffee production from multiple discourses' perspectives allows for a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of these challenges. Sustainable production programs, aimed at contributing to the economic growth of the country, could be threatened by these challenges. Therefore, the research ends by formulating recommendations to help identify some of the root causes of these challenges and explore possible solutions.16 0
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