Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Obligations of parties in e-commerce under Saudi Arabian and Islamic law:(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alhammad, Ahmed; Brand, Vivienne; Esmaeili, HosseinThis thesis examines parties' obligations in e-commerce transactions under contemporary Saudi Arabian regulations and under Islamic law as an integral component of the Saudi Arabian constitutional system. It analyses the compatibility of traditional Islamic law principles, which are enforceable in Saudi Arabia, with modern e-commerce provisions. The thesis comprises six chapters. Chapter One serves as an introduction, while Chapter Two delves into the principles of e-commerce, examining the integration of Saudi law into these principles. Chapter Three investigates obligation theory, its origins, sources, the stand of Saudi law, and the accommodation of Islamic law within this framework. Chapter Four addresses the obligations of e-service providers (merchants) in e-commerce under Saudi and Islamic law, including disclosure, delivery, warranty, consumer privacy, and the right of recourse. Chapter Five examines consumer obligations: payment; taking delivery; and consumer obligations when exercising their rights in e-commerce. Chapter Six concludes. The conclusion is that Islamic law is highly compatible with these issues. However, particular areas may exhibit variations, necessitating the application of Islamic principles in specific ways. For instance, alternative means of applying Islamic principles, such as Almaslahat Almursala, which prioritises public interest, can be employed. Additionally, Saudi law is essentially harmonious with Islamic law, although some instances may not align with all four schools of Islamic law. The thesis recommends that the current Saudi Arabian legislation governing parties' obligations in e-commerce is deficient and insufficient. Consequently, it should be replaced by a comprehensive consumer protection law that safeguards consumer interests and incorporates general principles of traditional Islamic law to facilitate its implementation.14 0Item Restricted evelopment of a Reporter Toolkit to Study Transcriptional Dynamics in Marchantia polymorpha(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alhammad, Ahmed; Weijers, Dolf; Borst, Jan Willem; García, Jorge HernándezTranscriptional regulation is pivotal for plant development and adaptation, yet mechanistic insights remain limited in liverwort plants. To bridge this, we developed a modular fluorescent reporter toolkit to enable real-time quantitative exploration of chromatin accessibility and polymerase recruitment in Marchantia polymorpha. Using a modular Golden Gate Cloning strategy, we engineered constructs tagging Histone 2B variants and RNA Polymerase II subunits with fluorescent proteins to monitor chromatin organization and polymerase activity. Furthermore, we designed a dCas9-based system coupled with the MpARF1 activation domain developed for targeted gene activation studies. Subsequently, stable transgenic lines expressing H2B.3-mScarlet-I exhibited nuclear-localized fluorescence, validating chromatin-specific labelling. While constructs for several RNAPII subunits were successfully assembled and transformed into Marchantia polymorpha, microscopy validation remains ongoing. Collectively, this toolkit provides a foundational resource for quantifying transcriptional dynamics, chromatin behavior, and RNAPII activity in non-vascular plants, thereby advancing synthetic biology applications and evolutionary studies of gene regulation. This adaptable toolkit provides essential molecular instruments for quantitative live-cell imaging and synthetic biology approaches in Marchantia polymorpha.11 0