Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted The impact of Integrating Data-Driven learning (DDL) for low -level learners: Collocation Learning along with Learners’ and Educators’ perspectives(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Mohsen, Rasha Abdullah S; Deignan, Alice; Dang, YenCollocation knowledge is challenging for EFL learners and tends to develop slowly (Boers et al., 2014a). Language researchers have advocated for the explicit teaching of collocations. Among the methods used to accelerate the development of collocation knowledge is data-driven learning (DDL) in which learners are engaged in corpus consultation sessions to recognize frequent language patterns and multi-word expressions. Although the use of DDL for second language learning instruction has shown promising results (Boulton and Cobb, 2017; Lee et al., 2019), effective implementation of DDL in language classrooms and its suitability to low-level EFL learners are still areas that merit further research. The overarching aim of this thesis is to explore how DDL can be effectively implemented with low-level learners in their regular EFL education. To address this aim, this research is structured into two main components. The first part investigates the impact of DDL when used with pre-intermediate EFL learners in language classrooms, focusing on its potential to enhance collocation learning and retention and learners’ and teachers’ perception of the approach. First, an intervention was conducted in L1-Arabic context with 131 pre-intermediate EFL learners. It followed a quasi-experimental research design where between-group comparison (DDL and Control groups) and within-group comparison (DDL and Dictionary conditions) are utilized to examine the effect of DDL on form-recall and form-recognition knowledge of academic collocations. Following the intervention, a perception questionnaire was used to gain insight into low-level learners’ perception and attitude towards the use of DDL in their language education. The second part of this research examines EFL teachers’ perception of DDL after raising their awareness of the potential use of corpus-based materials and allowing them to have hands-on DDL experience in their teaching practices. Four in-service teachers, who were trained and had hands-on DDL experience in their classrooms, were interviewed following the intervention, to gain insight into their perception, evaluation, and potential integration of DDL in future teaching practices. The findings provided empirical evidence of the effective use of DDL with low-level learners for collocation learning. Results of the quasi-experiment suggested that hands-on DDL was effective with pre-intermediate learners in improving their L2 collocation knowledge. Despite that the DDL group outperforming the control group in both form-recall and form-recognition knowledge of collocations, the within-group analysis suggested that the DDL and dictionary use were comparable in their impact on short-term recalling of collocations, though dictionary condition had a positive influence on long-term collocation retention. Following the intervention, the results from the perception data suggested that learners’ and teachers’ perspectives were overall positive, regarding DDL as a useful approach for lexical learning, though some challenges and concerns were expressed by language teachers. The outcomes from this research further extended DDL research and confirmed that hands-on DDL can be a feasible approach with limited-proficiency learners. Moreover, learners’ and teachers’ perception and attitude towards DDL enhanced our understanding of how DDL can be used by the end users. This thesis also discussed the theoretical implications of DDL and its alignment with constructive and sociocultural learning theories, as well as SLA-related concepts. Drawing from the outcomes of this research, some pedagogical implications were also discussed to enhance understanding of the potential of DDL with low-level learners and how to situate and encourage normal integration of the approach in mainstream language education.16 0Item Restricted Investigating Glymphatic System and AQP4 Water Channels with Novel Drugs and MRI Techniques(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alghanimy, Alaa; Holmes, WilliamThe glymphatic system serves as a vital low resistance pathway for the efficient removal of toxic waste products from the brain and its malfunction is implicated in numerous neuropathological conditions. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels are membrane-tied and highly expressed at the end-feet of astrocytic cells in the brain. They are thought to be crucial to the glymphatic clearance system, water circulation, and homeostasis of the brain. Pharmacologically targeting AQP4 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for various neurological diseases. In 2009, Huber et al. developed TGN-020, a potent AQP4 inhibitor that significantly reduced cerebral oedema in stroke models. In 2018, they introduced TGN-073, a novel AQP4 facilitator that enhanced fluid turnover and interstitial fluid clearance. This thesis investigates the effects of these AQP4 modulators, with a particular focus on TGN-073, using advanced MRI techniques and immunofluorescence staining in rat models to elucidate their potential therapeutic benefits. The initial objective was to employ an H2 17O tracer to evaluate the effect of the novel AQP4 facilitator TGN-073 on glymphatic transport. Despite extensive optimization efforts, the tracer signal remained low and unreliable, precluding its use in conducting our studies. Consequently, we assessed the impact of TGN-073 on glymphatic transport using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. This involved catheterizing the cisterna magna to infuse the MRI contrast agent Gd-DTPA into the cerebrospinal fluid. Our findings indicated that rats treated with TGN-073 exhibited a more extensive distribution and higher parenchymal uptake of Gd DTPA compared to the vehicle group, suggesting TGN-073's potential in enhancing glymphatic function. Following this, I developed and established an immunohistochemistry protocol for AQP4 staining using immunofluorescence, a first in our department. The aim was to optimize this technique to its fullest potential, ensuring precision and reliability for the following experiments. Given the invasive nature of the method used to investigate the impact of TGN 073 on glymphatic transport, which requires cisterna magna cannulation, non invasive alternatives were explored. Therefore, the impact of both AQP4 modulators, TGN-020 and TGN-073, was assessed without the necessity of exogenous contrast agents. These evaluations utilized T2 mapping and stimulated echo diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging (STE-DW-EPI), followed by immunofluorescence labelling of AQP4. No significant changes in the diffusion coefficient were observed across all observation times in any animal group, indicating no substantial alterations in brain microstructure. However, T2 values significantly decreased following the administration of TGN-073, suggesting enhanced water exchange. In contrast, T2 values significantly increased following the administration of TGN-020, while remaining unchanged in the vehicle group. These findings underscore the role of AQP4 in modulating water exchange between tissue compartments. Immunofluorescence staining revealed significantly higher AQP4 expression in the brains treated with TGN-073, contrasting with a significant decrease in AQP4 expression in the brains treated with TGN-020, compared to the vehicle-treated group. To advance our understanding of the positive effects of AQP4 facilitators on glymphatic function, we investigated the impact of TGN-073 in a rat model of vascular cognitive impairment, specifically the bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) model. This model, known for inducing chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and vascular dementia, represents a novel application within our institution. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate glymphatic transport in BCAS rat models and to assess the impact of an AQP4 facilitator in this context. We successfully established cerebral hypoperfusion in the BCAS model, as evidenced by a significant reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Our findings demonstrated glymphatic dysfunction and altered AQP4 expression associated with BCAS. Importantly, TGN-073, effectively mitigated these effects by restoring AQP4 expression, enhancing glymphatic function, and alleviating CBF reduction. This study highlights the potential of AQP4 facilitators in ameliorating the adverse effects of cerebral hypoperfusion and associated glymphatic dysfunction. TGN-073 shows promise for preventing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.9 0Item Restricted Writing Persistence: Investigating the Interplay between Saudi EFL Profiles of Grit, Buoyancy and Self-efficacy and their Impact on Writing Achievement and Working Memory Functions(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-06-18) Alowayid, Rehab; Porter, AlisonGood grades and innate talent alone cannot adequately capture how individuals maintain effort and remain motivated, especially when confronted with difficulties. Within the context of language learning specifically, optimal functioning is often embedded in learner positive adaptation and abilities to overcome language learning difficulties (Chu, Yan, Wang, & Liu, 2024; Shin & Kim, 2017). In this regard, concepts centred around optimal functioning are widely considered significant predictors of general language learning outcomes (Yun, Hiver, & Al-Hoorie, 2018; Alhadabi & Karpinski, 2020; Teimouri, Plonsky and Tabandeh, 2020). Yet, research investigating these concepts at a skill level, especially L2 writing is mostly scarce. The available literature so far provided mixed findings concerning the definitions and structures of notions such as academic persistence (DiNapoli, 2023), grit (Clark & Malecki, 2019; Datu, Yuen, & Chen, 2018b; Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007), and buoyancy (Martin, 2013; Sudina & Plonsky, 2021), typically relying on quantitative measures only. Nonetheless, recent evidence affirmed the cognitive-affective dimension to the study of academic optimal functioning (Chu et al., 2024; Luthans, Luthans, & Chaffin, 2019). This mixed-methods study aimed to challenge the ambiguities surrounding concepts embedded within learner optimal functioning to overcome language learning difficulties. Drawing on the Psychological Capital (PsyCap) that supports the cognitive-affective dimension involved in optimal functioning, this thesis was guided by four research questions to identify learner archetypes of grit, buoyancy and self-efficacy in terms of writing performance and performance in working memory (WM) tasks of 60 first-year female English major undergraduates in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, it examined the impact of the identified learner profiles of grit, buoyancy and self-efficacy on their writing scores and performance in WM tasks, and how these profiles shaped learners’ understandings and experiences of the examined constructs. To this end, the thesis utilised self-report questionnaires, Cloze tests, working memory tasks, and interviews. Accordingly, the data were analysed using cluster analysis to detect naturally existing groups within the data based on similarities among groups relevant to the measured variables together with analysing salient themes. The cluster analysis revealed four learn profiles based on differences in writing scores, consisting of high or low across grit, buoyancy and self-efficacy, high in grit but low in other variables, and high in grit but relatively moderate across the other variables. Nonetheless, in terms of performance in WM, all the identified profiles, did not manifest statistically significant mean differences in relation to their performance in WM tasks. The findings of the interviews revealed that the cluster profiles exhibited different understandings of academic persistence in writing as members belonging to the High clusters expressed more diverse understandings compared to the restricted understandings of participants in the low cluster. The findings further suggest that the identified clusters perceived grit in relation to determination while buoyancy was seen relative to proactive coping. Findings further imply that self-efficacy is essential for understanding the relationship between L2 academic persistence and writing achievement. Specifically, members within the High clusters demonstrated high writing scores and displayed positive fluctuations in their efficacy beliefs. Taken together, the results supported the need to recognise learner inherent characteristics in the study of academic persistence, as well as understand learners’ perceptions of persistence in writing. The cluster-centred approach combined with qualitative evidence offered insights into the cognitive-affective dimension of academic persistence constructs, challenging the prevailing focus on mainly testing correlations. By recognising the central role of the learner learning strategies within the framework of psychological capital, future L2 research can interrogate whether learner psychological resources and learning strategies can contribute to the multi-factorial system of academic persistence; L2 teachers and educators can potentially better promote learner optimal functioning by capitalising on learner resources and learning strategies.5 0Item Restricted Digital Transformative Project for MakeUpLabs.co.uk: Enhancing Online Presence Through SEO, Content Marketing, and Affiliate Strategy(Saudi Digital Library, 2024-08-15) Zarnoog, Ghada; Nayer, DaudThis Digital Transformative Project focuses on repositioning MakeUpLabs.co.uk as a high-impact affiliate marketing platform for eco-conscious beauty products. The project applies the SOSTAC planning framework, incorporates SEO, social media marketing, content strategy, and affiliate tools to optimize traffic, user engagement, and conversion. Evaluation and performance metrics are measured through Google Analytics and SEMrush, providing clear data-driven recommendations for sustainable growth.2 0Item Restricted Cancer target discovery for biomarker development, imaging and radionuclide loaded nanoparticle therapy(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-12-04) Shabbir, Rekaya; Choudhury, Ananya; West, Catharine; Smith, TimBackground and aims: Patients with hypoxic muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) have a poor prognosis and overall survival (OS) rate. There is a need to develop biomarkers for informing on hypoxia-targeting therapy. Gene expression signatures can predict benefit from hypoxia modification to improve outcome. Imaging genomics links medical images with molecular profiling to discover imaging biomarkers that could reflect hypoxia. Molecular radiotherapy (MRT) targets specific receptors expressed by cells. The overexpression of EGFR also associates with poor survival rates, EGFR inhibitors are promising but tumour heterogeneity is problematic. The thesis aims were to: 1) identify genes upregulated by hypoxia in bladder cancer cells; 2) investigate whether the West 24-gene bladder hypoxia signature is sensitive to changes in oxygen levels; 3) use MRI to identify hypoxia in large and small tumours in vivo; 4) identify new hypoxia-associated gene panels from transcriptomic data generated in vitro and in vivo; 5) identify bladder cancer hypoxic biomarkers and surface membrane targets for MRT using proteomics in MIBC; and 6) study the uptake and dose-distributions of EGFR-targeted 177Lu or 90Y radiolabelled-AuNPs. Methods: 1) Six BC cell lines (HT1376, T24, J82, UMUC3, RT4, RT112) were exposed to normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (1%, 0.1% and 0.2% O2) for 24h. RNA was extracted, transcriptomic data generated using Clariom S Microarrays and expression of hypoxia upregulated genes identified. 2) The data were used to explore changes in West 24-gene signature scores. 3) Small (300mm3) and large (700mm3) xenografts were established for HT1376 MIBC cells. Hypoxia was identified using pimonidazole (PIMO), OE-MRI and DCE-MRI. Differential gene expression was determined. 4) Gene panels were derived from in vitro and in vivo transcriptomic data and tested (log-rank Mantel Cox test) in a TCGA bladder cancer cohort (n=412). Hypoxia scores were generated using the median expression of the genes in a signature/panel. 5) HT1376, T24 and J82 cells were cultured in normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (1% and 0.1% O2) for 24h and 48h. Proteins were extracted and analysed using LC-MS and SWATH-MS, and the data used to identify surface membrane targets. Differential expression of EGFR and hypoxia markers (CAIX, GLUT-1) was measured using transcriptomics, proteomics, western blot and EGFR-ELISA. 6) Anti-EGFR conjugated radiolabelled (177Lu or 90Y) AuNPs were used to study dose distributions in vivo. Results: 1) 77 genes were significantly upregulated (padj≤ 0.001) in hypoxia (0.1% O2) across ≥3 cell lines. Three genes (DPYSL2, SYDE1, SLC2A3) were in both the West 24-gene signature and new 77-gene panel. 2) The expression of the 24-gene West signature increased with decreasing O2 levels. 3) Hypoxic regions were identified in small and large xenografted tumours using a combination of OE-MRI and DCE-MRI approaches. The in vivo transcriptomics analysis identified gene expression differences between PIMO-high(hypoxic) and PIMO-low(normoxic) regions and differences in HSs generated from the 24-gene signature (p<0.0052) and the new 77-gene panel (p<0.0025). 4) Gene signatures/panels were prognostic for overall survival: 24-gene (p<0.000064), 77-gene (p<0.01), 3 common genes (p<0.0013). 5) 26 proteins had consistently higher expression in hypoxia across all three cell lines. A gene panel based on the 26 proteins was prognostic in the TCGA cohort (p<0.00065). Eleven plasma membrane proteins were identified as upregulated under hypoxia. No significant differential expression of EGFR was seen in BC cells by hypoxia. The expression of hypoxia markers (CAIX and GLUT-1) was significantly increased by hypoxia using different measurement approaches in all bladder cells. 6) The coefficient of variation of EGFR-targeted 90Y-radiolabelled-AuNPs was less than EGFR-targeted 177Lu-radiolabelled-AuNPs in xenografted tumours. Conclusions: 1) Hypoxia influences the expression of many common genes across different bladder cancer cell lines. 2) The West 24-gene bladder hypoxia score is sensitive to changes in O2 levels in vitro showing it reflects differences in hypoxia. 3) Gene panels derived from hypoxic cells in vitro inform on hypoxia and prognosis 4) The West 24-gene signature performed best as a biomarker of hypoxia. 5) Proteomic profiling identified cell membrane markers to study for MRT. 6) Anti-EGFR radionuclides labelled AuNPs provided insight about the heterogeneity and dosimetry of MRT.5 0Item Restricted Artificial Intelligence for Automatic Attachment Assessment in School-Age Children: An Approach Based on Language and Paralanguage.(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-06-17) Buker, Areej; Vinciarelli, AlessandroAttachment is a psychological construct that provides a framework for understanding how individuals perceive and interpret social interactions, navigate relational dynamics, and experience and regulate their emotional states, particularly under conditions of stress. An attachment style begins to develop within the first few months of life, shaped by a child’s interactions with their primary caregivers. Consistent and nurturing care promotes the development of a secure attachment style, whereas inconsistent or inadequate caregiving often gives rise to insecure attachment patterns. Insecure attachment is linked to a range of challenges, including behavioural issues such as antisocial tendencies; mental health difficulties like anxiety, emotional dysregulation, and body image concerns; and heightened risks of physical health problems, including sleep disturbances. Early recognition and intervention for insecure attachment increases the likelihood of reshaping maladaptive patterns into secure ones, potentially reducing attachment-related challenges. Automated approaches for attachment recognition offer significant benefits, including consistent delivery of assessments, such as the MCAST, and broader accessibility to a wider population. While there are a few available systems for delivering attachment tests (e.g., CMCAST and SAM), the limited studies focused on developing automated classifiers to analyse the collected data have shown a suboptimal performance. These classifiers often struggle to recognise insecure attachment, achieving a maximum Accuracy of only 62.7%. Furthermore, these studies fail to offer insights into the reasoning behind their classifications, missing an opportunity to advance the understanding of attachment in early to middle childhood. This developmental stage—characterised by significant changes that include the expansion of social circles and the internalisation of emotional representations—has historically received less attention in a field predominantly focused on studying attachment markers in infants and adults. This thesis focuses on two primary objectives: enhancing the automated classification of attachment styles in children, particularly insecure attachment, and identifying markers associated with these styles. The study employs two modalities—language and paralanguage— along with emotions derived from both modalities. These modalities are utilised within a unimodal and a multimodal framework. Among all classifiers developed using the same dataset, the language-based unimodal approach demonstrated the highest effectiveness, achieving exceptional performance in recognising insecure attachment with an Accuracy of 82.2%, all while relying on relatively simple methodologies. Furthermore, this research identified linguistic, acoustic, and emotional markers of attachment, offering valuable insights into attachment representations in children.11 0Item Restricted Differential response of osteocytes to tensile and compressive cues during loading, unloading, spaceflight and artificial gravity(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-05) BDS, Zainah Salloot; Baron, RolandIn bone, osteocytes are vital contributors to the processes of mechanosensation and mechanotransduction. Recently, there has been an increased interest in differential bone adaptation in response to different mechanical cues. To date, there are no reports about osteocytes' differential response to tension versus compression forces. We aimed to study the differential effects of tension and compression cues on osteocytes in vivo, in mice tibia at steady state and when subjected to different mechanical challenges. Areas in mice tibial midshaft subjected to tensile and compressive forces have been previously identified by utilizing finite element modeling. Mice were subjected to 1) mechanical loading, 2) unloading though hindlimb suspension, and 3) spaceflight and artificial gravity. Samples were analyzed using Backscatter Scanning Electron Microscopy (BSEM) imaging to visualize the morphological changes in osteocyte lacunae, as well as light microscopy to visualize the morphology of the Lacuno- Canalicular Network (LCN). Bulk RNA sequencing was performed to explore whole genome differential gene expression associated with the morphological changes. Depending upon whether the osteocytes were subjected to tension or compression, they behaved differently in terms of 1) peri-lacunar remodeling, 2) macro-remodeling and 3) their transcriptome; in which lacuna were lower in density and larger in size larger in compression cortices. The compression cortices were thicker and more porous than tension cortices, and the osteocytes’ transcriptome revealed differentially express neuronal genes that are involved in dendrite formation and regulation, ion transport genes, which regulate the ionic microenvironment, and Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM) related genes, which regulate ECM resorption or formation.4 0Item Embargo Integrating Emerging Technologies and Data Analytics Skills into Saudi Accounting Curricula: An Institutional Logics Perspective(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-07-01) Bin Mibrad, Ibrahim; Xiao, LingThis study investigates the integration of emerging technologies and data analytics skills into Saudi accounting curricula. Leading organisations, such as the Big Four accounting firms, AICPA, and AACSB, have called for these skills to be embedded in accounting education to keep pace with evolving professional demands. However, the integration process remains slow or insufficient both internationally and within Saudi Arabia. Moreover, despite the importance of this area, there has been little research in developing and MENA countries, including Saudi Arabia, which have distinctive cultural, economic, and political systems. This research seeks to understand the drivers and barriers to integrating these skills in Saudi accounting curricula and explores how these obstacles can be addressed. Grounded in a systematic literature review, the study conducted 34 semi-structured interviews with accounting educators and representatives of professional accounting bodies, both nationally and internationally, alongside document analysis. The study found that while Saudi and Western accounting educators share some common factors influencing technology integration, cultural and religious norms in Saudi Arabia uniquely impact the process. This research also provides novel insights into the integration of emerging technologies in accounting curricula within a developing, MENA context, using the institutional logics perspective (ILP). Through ILP, the study examines how accounting educators navigate two co-existence competing logics: traditional and modernisation. These varied responses from faculty members, including compliance, defiance, combination and compartmentalisation, are shaped by factors such as adherence, the religious principle of Al-Amanah, age and retirement considerations, and strong job security. Furthermore, the findings offer valuable implications for decision-makers, including department heads, and accounting educators, as they consider integrating emerging technologies into accounting curricula.3 0Item Restricted Multimarker Metabarcoding of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Communities in Contaminated UK Estuaries(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-06-02) Aleidan, Abdullah; Grant, Alastair; Tolhurst, TrevorAnthropogenic metal contamination, particularly from historic mining, has led to persistent copper enrichment in estuarine sediments of southwestern England. Although this contamination is well documented, its ecological consequences remain less understood, especially in microbial and meiofaunal communities, which can offer early indicators of pollution. This thesis aimed to determine (i) whether a multi-marker metabarcoding strategy (16S, ITS, 18S, 28S, COI) can better detect pollution-induced changes compared with single- marker approaches (ii) which taxa respond most consistently to elevated metal levels and (iii) whether porewater copper more accurately predicts benthic community shifts than sediment copper concentrations. Field sampling encompassed 12- and 34-site datasets across major estuaries, covering porewater Cu concentrations from 4.6 to over 400 µg/L. Sediment DNA was extracted in triplicate at each site. Amplicon sequencing of multiple markers profiled bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic assemblages. Statistical analyses linked community data to copper levels (porewater and sediment), revealing thresholds for compositional turnover. Bacterial and archaeal communities underwent threshold-like shifts near 20 µg/L porewater Cu, with archaea showed greater sensitivity in more uniform site subsets. Eukaryotic assemblages, particularly nematodes and alveolates, exhibited marked changes at heavily contaminated sites, corroborating previous morphological observations. Multi-primer metabarcoding captured a broader range of taxa than single markers alone but remained limited by primer biases and incomplete reference databases. These results refine pollution threshold estimates and highlight porewater copper as a strong predictor of community disruption. Archaea emerged as potential bioindicators, responding more sharply to contamination than bacteria. The multi-marker approach significantly improves ecological resolution, underscoring the importance of integrating morphological and molecular data. Moving forward, enhancing primer sets, expanding databases and applying functional assays (e.g. metatranscriptomics) will further strengthen the use of metabarcoding in environmental management and remediation efforts.8 0Item Restricted التنظيم القانوني لحوكمة الكفاءات في الشركات في المملكة العربية السعودية وفق رؤية 2030 (دراسة مقارنة)(Saudi Digital Library, 2025-02-13) المايق، ماجد; الحنيطي، مأمونهدفت الدراسة الكشف عن التنظيم القانوني لحوكمة الكفاءات في الشركات في المملكة العربية السعودية وفق رؤية 2030 مع الاستعانة بالتشريعات المقارنة، وقد اعتمد الباحث على المنهج المقارن، من خلال المقارنة بين النظام السعودي والقانون الأردني، وكذلك المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي من خلال وصف الحالة وتحليل النصوص القانونية ذات الصلة والقرارات القضائية إن وجدت، وتمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في عدم كفاية التنظيم القانوني لحوكمة الخبرات والكفاءات بما يضمن إستثمارهم في تطوير قطاع الشركات في المملكة العربية السعودية بما يتوافق مع رؤية 2030، حيث أن التنظيم القانوني لحوكمة الكفاءات ضرورة تتمثل في تعزيز التطوير لهذه الكفاءات وتعزيز الشفافية في الية استقطابهم بما يضمن تحقيق التنافسية العادلة وتم تناول الدراسة من خلال خمسة فصول تناول الفصل الأول خلفية الدراسة وأهميتها، وتناول الفصل الثاني ماهية الحوكمة والكفاءات، وتناول الفصل الثالث الأطر القانونية الناظمة لحوكمة الكفاءات، وتناول الفصل الرابع إطار حوكمة الكفاءات واستدامتها وفق رؤية 2030 ثم الفصل الخامس الذي تناول الخاتمة والنتائج والتوصيات.. وقد توصلت الدراسة الى عدد من النتائج كان من أبرزها: أنّه مع سن اللوائح والتعليمات والأدلة الاسترشادية الخاصة بالحوكمة في كل من قانوني الشركات السعودي والأردني، فقد خلت من اطار واضح يتعلق بحوكمة الكفاءات والخبرات البشرية في هذه الشركات، وقد أوصت الدراسة بضرورة أن ينص المشرعان السعودي والأردني في أنظمة وقوانين العمل على نصوص وضوابط قانونية تنظم وتحمي عمل استقطاب الكفاءات والحفاظ عليها من التعسف وإلزام الشركات بالإفصاح عن الكفاءات والنظام الخاص بها.21 0