Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Artificial Intelligence Systems: Exploring AI Systems’ Patentability in The United Kingdom And The European Patent Office(University of Liverpool, 2024) Alarawi, Khalid; Jacques, SabineThe topic of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a common interest for the public and corporations on a global level. Through a legal analysis of case law between the United Kingdom and the European Patent Office (EPO), this paper will argue that while AI systems are indeed patentable in both the United Kingdom and the EPO and that despite the differences, the result of patenting AI is likely to be the same across both jurisdictions, there still needs to be further clarification in regards to different AI systems. Given that they are addressed as a hybrid between computer programs and mathematical methods, there needs to be deeper exploration towards AI system patentability across different types, and different technical applications.1 0Item Restricted The role of the International Court of Justice and international counsel as agents in the development of international law: A sociological perspective.(Kings College London, 2024-09-02) Alotaibi, Khalid Turki; Ridi, NiccolòWhereas the 19th century was characterized by the proliferation of international conventions and organisations such as the ICJ given increased State relations, legal positivism was prioritized over founding or viewing international law from a sociological perspective in light of an apparent urgency to establish international peace and security through the construction of international law and human rights frameworks. It is this relegation of the sociological perspective of international law that this research is concerned with as it seeks to interrogate form a sociological perspective, the role, scope and effect of ICJ decisions as well as the participation of international legal counsel in the development of international law. This is premised on the fact that judges of the ICJ through advisory opinions as well as international counsel, constitute an integral social entity through which the sum of its parts works to influence the development and/or creation of international law. The underlying objectives of this research include: an analysis of the statutory duty of the ICJ to interpret and apply international law within the confines of article 38 of the ICJ Statute; a critical analysis that focuses on the conduct of the ICJ to exceed the statutory parameters set by article 38 of the ICJ Statute by developing and creating international law; an analysis of scholarly perspectives on the development and creation of international law by the ICJ; and an analysis of scholarly perspectives on the role of international legal counsel in developing international law at the ICJ. In seeking to explore these objectives, this research identified that Judges of the ICJ, international counsel and agents fill a critical space within the structural-functional perspective of sociology which emphasises the collective role of social entities to achieve social order and social integration. This research concludes that a sociological appreciation of the role of ICJ and international counsel on the development of international law finds its place within a structural-functional perspective that prioritizes the role and effect brought about by the sum of individual social entities in a society as compared to viewing social entities in isolation.14 0Item Restricted The latest trends in money laundering techniques and how law enforcement agencies can stay ahead of the curve(City, University of London, 2023) Bahdilah, Nawaf; Hungerford-Welch, PeterMoney laundering masks the illicit origins of funds, allowing offenders to present 'dirty' money as genuine and usable, obscuring its connection to criminal deeds.1 It is a well-known process typically involving three stages - placement, layering, and integration. Given the familiarity with money laundering techniques, this dissertation will not provide an in-depth definition but will focus on evaluating the latest trends and legislative responses. Money laundering methods are constantly evolving, especially with recent technological innovations in financial services.2 This evolution enables criminals to circumvent anti-money laundering (AML) systems. Consequently, law enforcement agencies need help to detect money laundering and identify appropriate policy responses. There is concern that current AML legislation needs to be updated and able to address new techniques.3 Therefore, research is required to analyse gaps in existing policies and propose reforms to enhance the efficacy of AML regimes.7 0Item Restricted TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE (GREEN) FINANCE IN THE GCC: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE ESG AND FINANCIAL SECTORS IN SAUDI ARABIA, QATAR, AND UAE(Brunel University London, 2024-09) Alangri, Norah; Andreadakis, SteliosThis dissertation explores the context of sustainable (green) finance in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) by examining the role of ESG and financial sectors in three GCC countries, including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE. Given the rise of the significance of the ESG and financial sectors, the dissertation selected those three countries for their high capital in their financial sectors, including central banks, capital market authorities, Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWF), and some of their green banks. While the dissertation presented the transformation from Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) in the first chapter, it then focused on sustainable finance and economic diversification to lay the background for the findings. In the third and last chapter, the dissertation details the ESG and financial sectors in Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE. The findings indicate the growing significance of the ESG, especially in encouragement by central banks and requirements in capital market authorities, and its adoption in SWFs and some banking institutions focused on green strategy. The ESG and sustainable finances appeared to be tools in investments; however, while Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE have similar orientations in this regard, they are independent in this financial policy with some intention to offer a collective approach.27 0Item Restricted COVID-19 and global health governance: past and future(University of Sheffield, 2024) Alqurashi, Wedyan; Caterina, MiloThis dissertation explores the critical role of global health governance, focusing primarily on the World Health Organisation (WHO) and its effectiveness in managing pandemics. It analyses WHO’s involvement in past pandemics, such as SARS, H1N1, Ebola, and COVID-19, identifying challenges and lessons learned. The dissertation also examines the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasising the disparities in health outcomes and access to resources. Utilising a qualitative research design, it delves into the mechanisms, key players, and frameworks involved in global health governance, particularly the International Health Regulations (IHR). Findings highlight the importance of rapid, transparent communication and the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms within the IHR. The dissertation underscores WHO’s pivotal role in providing technical guidance, coordinating international efforts, and promoting equitable access to health resources. It also reveals significant challenges, including delays in response, political pressures, and the spread of misinformation. Recommendations include enhancing WHO’s autonomy and funding, ensuring binding compliance with health directives, and integrating mental health into global health strategies. This research aims to inform future policy and practice, promoting a more resilient and equitable global health governance framework to better prepare for future pandemics.12 0Item Restricted The influence of the corporate governance laws and their implementations on the financial success of the largest corporations in the development of financial systems; a case analysis of United Kingdom.(University of East Anglia, 2022-09-27) Alhusayni, Ahmed; Mollica, VivianaThe concept of corporate governance refers to the system in which companies are controlled and directed. This is the central idea of the Cadbury Report, which was presented in 1992 to help guide the development of corporate code reform1. Corporate governance is often defined as the process of ensuring that the financial transactions of a company are conducted in a manner that assures the company's shareholders of a return on their investment2. This concept is also commonly used in legal discussions about corporate law. The interests of other stakeholders, such as the government and creditors, are typically left to other parts of the law or are only partially included in the corporate governance framework when it is directed and controlled by the company's board. Economists generally use a broader definition of the corporate governance concept to include the various stakeholder groups3. This includes the various aspects of the financial services industry, which is a regulated sector. individual involved in the corporation. Furthermore, the dissertation sheds light on how legislative bodies can enhance these laws to support the corporation's growth and the financial systems' advancement. Legal apprehensions emerge in the UK due to the ever-changing environment of the corporate world. It is safe to say that legal regulations concerning corporate governance law are subject to change and alteration to proceed with the global financial developments and the corporate world to keep markets and businesses secure internationally4. This dissertation scrutinizes the literature to assess the research and work that has already been accomplished to align the corporate governance laws with the modern-day financially advanced corporations, highlighting the legal challenges. The dissertation will contain the actions required to devise financial systems according to the modern world as laws protect consumers from financial deceptions—this aid in retaining unethical financial actions off the markets5. Laws and regulations can be a nuisance when they impede the free market.7 0Item Restricted Intersections of Faith and Culture: Arabic-Islamic Civilization Revisited.(Columbia University, 2024-04-16) Alanazi, Nada; Vacca, Alison; Rodrigues, ShaunnaThe intricate relationship between faith, culture, and civilization has long been a focal point of scholarly inquiry, nowhere more pronounced than in the context of Arabic civilization. This paper revisits these intersections, with a particular focus on the role of Muslims, tracing the trajectory from pre-Islamic Arabia through the emergence of Islam and its subsequent influence on Arabic civilization. I start by exploring the socio-cultural landscape of pre-Islamic Arab societies, with a particular focus on the tribe of Quraysh. Characterized by diverse tribal structures and religious practices, this preliminary analysis sets the stage for understanding the cultural milieu that paved the way for the advent of Islam. The rise of Islam in the 7th century CE marks a pivotal moment in Arab history, profoundly shaping the trajectory of Arabic civilization. I attempt to scrutinize the transformative impact of Islam on various facets of Arab life, including governance, law, literature, architecture, and the arts. In an effort to explore the subsequent evolution of Arabic civilization, this research extends to the flourishing of Islamic civilization in Al-Andalus, with a particular focus on investigating architectural developments during this era. I also undertake an examination of the term "Civilization" through the lens of prominent Arab writers, such as Ibn Khaldun, Jurji Zaydan, and others, with the aim of tracing its conceptual evolution across literary works. Ibn Khaldun, a renowned 14th-century Arab historian and scholar, provided seminal insights into the nature and dynamics of civilization in his magnum opus, The Muqaddimah. His sociological theories, particularly the concept of ʿAṣabiyya or social cohesion, offer valuable perspectives on the rise and fall of civilizations. Similarly, Jurji Zaydan, a prominent figure of the Nahḍa movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, explored themes of civilization, progress, and cultural identity in his works. By analyzing the writings of these Arab thinkers and tracing the depiction of civilization across various genres of literature, I aim to gain deeper insights into the Arab conceptualization of civilization and its significance in shaping cultural discourse. I conclude this paper by asking a crucial question: Did Muslims fail Arabic civilization? By critically examining the historical record, I will explore whether the initial kindle ignited by Islam continued to illuminate the path of Arab cultural and intellectual advancement. This question serves as a starting point for further discussion and analysis, inviting us to contemplate the complex interplay between faith and culture in shaping the destiny of a civilization.142 0Item Restricted How did the Concept of Transformative Use Affect the Boundaries of U.S Copyright Law and What Impact Does It Have on Artistic Expression?(City University of London, 2024-03-13) Jamal, Layal Aiman; Mimler, MarcThe notion of transformative use has developed as a crucial and dynamic element in U.S copyright law. It has dramatically impacted the legal framework and creative environment. This dissertation investigates how transformative use has grown, altered, and at times challenged the established limitations of US copyright law under the fair use doctrine. With a particular emphasis on its far-reaching influence on artistic expression. The dissertation dives into the numerous ways in which transformative use has redefined the interplay between copyright protection, creative freedom, and the public interest via an examination of major legal decisions, legislative changes, and artistic examples. The complicated and sometimes contentious nature of transformative use, particularly when creative expression contradicts standard concepts of derivative works is also explored. Due to its widespread appeal, courts have progressively accepted and implemented the transformative use test within their jurisdiction. These decisions outline the connection between transformative use and the statutory factors of the fair use doctrine specified in the Copyright Act of 1976, by clarifying how courts have recalibrated their examination of these factors to accord with transformative principles. Finally, an emphasis on the lasting significance of transformative use in setting the limitations of US copyright law, as well as the tremendous influence it has on cultivating a rich tapestry of artistic expression in the modern period is outlined. The dissertation concludes by emphasizing the ongoing arguments and difficulties surrounding transformative use, highlighting the importance of a nuanced and adaptive legal framework that evolves with the changing environment of creative expression in our digital age.11 0Item Restricted Electronic Commerce Contracts and How to Protect Consumers from Fraud.(Widener University Delaware Law School, 2024-05-17) Almalki, Yasir; Konyk, AmandaWith the tremendous developments in technology and the internet, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has gained significant interest as a new means of doing business. However, with the rise of e-commerce sales, the associated frauds increase subsequently. This study describes the growth of electronic commerce (e-commerce) and the associated increase in fraud due to the lack of security and trust for consumers in e-commerce platforms, which leaves consumers skeptical and uncertain about online transactions. This research aims to identify and develop methods to protect consumers in the Saudi Arabian legal system. The objectives of the research include analyzing the challenges facing contractors in e-commerce, understanding the characteristics and pillars of electronic contracts, identifying the steps involved in e-commerce, and assessing the role of the consumer in becoming prey to fraudsters. Moreover, this study aims to fill in the research gap of consumer security in e-commerce and establish an electronic dispute resolution center for the effective and speedy resolution of disputes. This research is significant in achieving the required plan for strategic vision 2030 and attracting foreign investors to invest in Saudi Arabia.21 0Item Restricted International Investment Law’s Entanglement with Other Sectors(City, University of London, 2023-03-15) Alkhudairy, Maan; Ben Slimane, MariemIInternational Investment Law can be traced to the genesis of international law. Its aim is to protect the people and assets of international businesses. It was founded on reciprocal and bilateral contracts between leaders.1 There was a tendency in the last century to build a generic legal structure to supplement a network of bilateral treaties.2 Such an approach, embodied in the now-classic concept of "customary international law," went further than the idea that aliens needed particular treaty protection as a principle through their home state; instead, the novel approach was of a broadly applicable system of international law that protected aliens regardless of where they came from or the treaty correlation between their home and host state.3 Now more than ever, host countries are feeling the pressure to adopt an open arms policy toward foreign investors to accomplish economic growth and flourishment. This can be stressed by the majority of treaties having favoured foreign companies for entry and operation4 . Nonetheless, such pressures have been met with equal pressures to further regulate such sectors and foreign interactions. This includes countries such as Russia, which introduced a sectoral restriction; and Thailand, with more restrictions on foreign investment law5,6 .17 0