Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Computational Fluid Dynamics study of fixed bed adsorbers informed by 3D X-ray Computed Tomography(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alalwyat, Ahmed; Ronny, PiniA resolved 3D CFD transient multi-component solver was created, solving the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid phase and containing adsorption physics as boundary conditions within the surface of spherical particles. The geometry was reconstructed by X-ray computed tomography to be a 3D spherically packed bed and reduced to a packed cube with 11 mm long sides for a more reasonable computational cost. The mesh was created by background meshing initially with (64, 64, 60) cells in the 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 directions, respectively. The mesh of spherical particles was removed to retain the fluid mesh only and implement extra refinement levels around the spherical particles. Further smoothness was applied at the edges of the packed cube and at the distorted cells due to the imperfect removal of the mesh of the spherical particles. The steady-steady solver was used to generate a maximum air velocity magnitude of 4.5 mm/s. The transient solver was used to generate CO2 mass composition maps depicting how CO2 flow replaces N2 gradually in porous media. The adsorption physics was implemented based on Henry’s and dual-site Langmuir’s equilibrium isotherms. A linear relationship between the rate of CO2 loading was confirmed for the Henry’s isotherm, while non-linear adsorption/desorption behaviour was noticed for the dual-site Langmuir’s equilibrium isotherms. The transient simulation with the dual-site Langmuir’s equilibrium implementation was computationally convergent by a grid convergence index study and validated to have 3% error from the analytical solution.10 0Item Restricted Non-Conventional Heating Methods for CO2 Regeneration(Saudi Digital Library, 2025) Alkhalifah, Hassan; Narayanaswamy, ArvindCarbon dioxide makes a significant contribution to global warming and climate change. Microwave heating offers a promising approach for efficient desorption in carbon capture. Microwave-assisted desorption reduces the desorption time and selectively heats the adsorbent material, resulting in better regeneration and reducing the system's total energy usage. This thesis considers alternative heating methods to the conventional heating for the temperature swing adsorption process to desorb CO2. The two non-convective heating sources considered here are the microwave heating and the infrared radiation heating. Both of these methods are electromagnetic heating methods, eliminating the need for heating mediums. The microwave heating method heats the sorbent material to desorb the CO2. While the IR methods target the CO2 molecules to excite them, they gain enough kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy. The COMSOL Multiphysics simulation study described here optimized the microwave cavity design for lab-pilot scale, revealing that optimal dimensions can absorb over 98% of input power. Positioning the waveguide at the cavity's middle height proved most effective, not only absorbing 1.6% more power but, possibly more importantly, providing uniform heating distribution. This configuration is ideal for fluidized bed reactors, potentially enhancing energy efficiency in carbon capture processes. In addition, this work presents novel industrial-scale reactor designs for continuous microwave desorption of CO2, filling a critical gap in current microwave heating systems. Traditional microwave technologies have limited efficiency and efficacy in gas desorption operations, including CO2 removal. This study describes innovative reactor designs that use microwave radiation's unique heating capabilities to improve desorption efficiency and selectivity. The study assures optimum microwave power use by optimizing reactor size and configurations using numerical modeling, reducing energy consumption while attaining the intended outcomes. Three unique reactor designs are offered to outperform and save energy compared to current desorption procedures by allowing for continuous operation. The reactors combine sorbent pellets from numerous adsorption reactors into a single desorption unit, eliminating the constraints of classic paired adsorption-desorption systems and increasing production efficiency. The research looks at both horizontal and vertical continuous microwave reactor designs. The horizontal design includes a modified conveyor belt system with cleated belts and Teflon sidewalls, which are ideal for gas desorption. In contrast, the vertical design employs a cascade gate opening mechanism, allowing for precise control over microwave power and exposure time in each tray, maximizing desorption kinetics and efficacy. The study's findings offer valuable insights into designing and optimizing microwave reactors for CO2 desorption, demonstrating microwave technology's potential to revolutionize desorption processes and progress the sector. Moreover, this work employs numerical analysis to investigate temperature distribution during microwave-assisted CO2 desorption with zeolite 13X. The model includes the electromagnetic frequency domain, heat, and mass transfer, and investigates the effects of microwave forward power, purge flow rate, and adding MW-CNT nanoparticles to the sorbent material. The results reveal that increased microwave power accelerates heating and desorption rates, whereas lower power causes steady temperature rises. Adding 2% MW-CNT nanoparticles improves the energy absorbed by the sorbent bed by 14% due to the improvement of the dielectric characteristics. Lower flow rates minimize convective heat loss, resulting in a more uniform temperature distribution. These findings offer important insights into enhancing microwave-assisted CO2 desorption, emphasizing the significance of power levels, flow rates, and nanoparticle additions in increasing CO2 desorption efficiency. Lastly, this work examines the microwave-assisted regeneration process using a packed-bed reactor under direct air capture (DAC) application. For the regeneration process, a commercial Lewatit VP OC 1065 (Lewatit) was selected as the sorbent, and microwave ovens were used as the heating source. This study examines the influence of microwave initial power on CO2 regeneration kinetics, regeneration efficiency, and energy consumption since no study has been performed on this sorbent for this analysis. The regeneration temperatures were varied from 40 °C to 70 °C, and the microwave power was changed from 10 W to 30 W to investigate their effect on the CO2 desorption characteristic. This study also investigates the effect of multiple microwave on/off cycles on the regeneration time and efficiency. The results show that the heating time can be reduced to 1490 seconds under microwave heating (30 W and 70 °C) compared to 5154 seconds under a conventional heating system. The results also show that the energy consumption for a 70% regeneration is lower compared to a 100% regeneration under various microwave conditions. The results illustrate that the energy required for CO2 regeneration can be reduced to around 9.6 MJ/kg CO2 if the regeneration temperatures are 40 °C and 45 °C. It was found that CO2 regeneration at a near-ambient temperature is possible using a microwave-assisted regeneration system. For the case of 70 °C, the regeneration time can be reduced by 16% with the case of two on/off microwave cycles compared to only one continuous microwave on cycle. For a 45 °C desorption temperature with the same microwave on time, the multiple on/off cycles increase the regression efficiency by about 10% compared to one continuous microwave on.7 0Item Restricted Adsorption of Heavy Metals onto Thermochemically Treated Waste Materials(University of Newcastle, 2024) Alatawi, Rehab; Donne , ScottHeavy metals pose serious environmental threats due to their toxicity, impacting both health and ecosystems. Among the various technologies for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions, adsorption is widely recognized as one of the most efficient. Biochar, with its remarkable efficiency as an adsorbent for heavy metal removal, has attracted considerable attention This thesis focuses on how biochar, produced under varied pyrolysis conditions, effectively adsorbs heavy metals, offering strong evidence of its efficacy in this regard. Chapter 3 investigates how different pyrolysis conditions, such as temperature, atmosphere, heating time, and activation agents, affect the physical and chemical properties of biochar derived from pine wood chips and sugarcane trash and its ability to adsorb heavy metal ions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilised to analyse the biochar's surface area, pore size, and functional groups. The adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results show that pyrolysis temperature notably impacts the surface areas of biochar, especially above 500°C, significantly affecting carbon surfaces. Consequently, higher pyrolysis temperatures lead to increased adsorption of heavy metal ions. Additionally, longer pyrolysis durations generally result in higher adsorption capacities. Furthermore, pyrolysis gases enhance surface areas and functional groups, making them highly effective at adsorbing heavy metals. Activated biochar with KOH significantly increased the porosity, pore sizes, and oxidative functional groups on its surface, thereby increasing its ability to adsorb heavy metals. In chapter four, the removal of cadmium (Cd (II)), copper (Cu (II)), lead (Pb (II)), and iron (Fe (II)) by biochar produced from pine wood chips and sugarcane trash under optimal (WC600, SC600) and suboptimal (WC300, SC300) pyrolysis conditions, considering factors such as temperature, atmosphere, activation, and duration, as detailed in Chapter 3, has been found to be the initial metal concentration and pH of the solution. The Langmuir isotherm model was employed to determine adsorption parameters. Surface complexation, ion exchange, and precipitation were identified as the primary removal mechanisms. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed that on WC600, the order of adsorption capacities was Pb > Cu > Cd > Fe, while on SC600, it was Cu > Pb > Cd > Fe. Conversely, on WC300 and SC300, the order was Cu > Fe > Pb > Cd due to the specific iv properties of these biochars. The pH of the solution has a significant impact on the adsorption of heavy metal ions onto biochar within the pH range of 1-8. Chapter 5 aimed to study the competitive adsorption of heavy metals in quaternary-metal solutions on KOH-activated biochars from pine wood chips and sugarcane trash (WC600 and SC600), focusing on equilibrium analysis. Batch experimental data fit the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities of metals by WC600 followed the order Fe (0.0033 mg g -1 ) > Cu (0.00182 mg g-1 ) > Pb (0.00112 mg g-1 ) > Cd (0.00035 mg g-1) , while for SC600, they were in the sequence Fe (0.00295 mg g-1 ) > Cu (0.00177 mg g-1 ) > Pb (0.00098 mg.g-1 ) > Cd (0.00036 mg.g-1 ) in the quaternary- metal adsorption isotherm. Fe exhibited the highest retention, while Cd showed easy exchange with Fe. Adsorption of Fe2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ on WC600 reached equilibrium within 1 to 24 hours. Surface complexation, cation-cation interaction, precipitation, and ion exchange are crucial in biochar adsorption behaviour. Chapter six details the enhancement of activated pine wood chips and sugarcane trash by KOH through an electrochemical process to improve heavy metal ion removal from water. Treatment was carried out at different potentials (-0.3, -0.6, 0.3, 0.6, 1.5, 2 V) to modify the biochar. FTIR analysis identified oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon-containing functional groups on the modified biochar surface. Results show that higher potentials (1.5, 2 V) led to increased oxygen-containing groups on the biochar surface, improving the removal of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Fe2+). Lead and iron had the highest adsorption rates, while cadmium had the lowest. Notably, treating with hydrogen peroxide at 2V enhanced cadmium adsorption. Electrochemically modified biochar offers an efficient method for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, with benefits such as high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reduced processing time, making it a valuable tool for environmental remediation. This study's findings provide useful insights into developing biochar-based materials for wastewater treatment applications23 0Item Restricted Modeling the Adsorption Behavior of Carbon Dioxide on Zeolites(Queen Mary University of London, 2024-08) Alturaiki, Ahmed; Shah, RazaThe increasing level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by fossil fuels consumption has incredibly contributed to climate change. Considering this issue requires a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and developments in carbon capture technologies. Zeolites have been widely used as adsorbents in separation processes. The study of carbon dioxide adsorption behavior on zeolites has been significantly focused on due to its importance in carbon capture and storage applications due to their properties. The CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity in zeolite are high which makes it a promising material to be utilized in separating CO2 from gas mixtures. This study investigates the adsorption behavior of zeolites 13X and 4A using molecular simulations. This experiment employs Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to model CO2 adsorption behavior under varying conditions, integrating Coulomb and Lennard- Jones potentials to demonstrate particle interactions. Key aspects such as breakthrough curves, adsorption isotherms and the influence of pore size and cation exchange are discussed. Results indicate that zeolite 13X has a better CO2 adsorption performance compared to zeolite 4A. This research aims to provide insights into optimizing zeolite materials to be more cost-effective, efficient, and sustainable CO2 capture technologies in order to contribute to mitigating global warming.11 0Item Restricted BIOMASS-DERIVED GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO) SUPPORTED - METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORK (MOF) POLYANILINE- BASED NANOCOMPOSITE FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IONS (Pb 2+, Ni 2+) IN WATER(Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2024-09) Alshammeri, Thamer Naif K; Ibrahim, Mohamad; Shahadat, MohamadThe global concern of contamination of heavy metals in water sources is significant. Industrial effluents, which contain pollutants, are released into water sources, hence increasing the probability of heavy metal toxicity in both humans and aquatic organisms. The current investigation focuses on developing a GO/PANI/MOF nanocomposite adsorbent. This nanocomposite is designed to effectively adsorb heavy metal ions (Pb2+ and Ni2+) from synthetic sample. The existence of functional groups, the material's crystallinity property, thermal stability, and surface area, were assessed using several techniques. Specifically, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to identify functional groups, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to assess the material's crystalline structure, and thermal stability was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to examine surface morphology. The current study investigated the different physiochemical parameters such as, adsorbent dose, contacting time, heavy metal ion concentration, pH, and temperature influence the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The GO/PANI/MOF-based nanocomposite was employed as an effective adsorbent for removing Pb²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions. The GO/PANI/MOF-based nanocomposite showed its excellent efficiency at a pH of 6, with a dosage of adsorbent of 50 mg and a starting concentration of metal ions of 60 ppm for Pb2+ and 45 ppm for Ni2+ , respectively, at room temperature (25±2 °C). The equilibrium time required for Pb2+ was 90 min and 120 min for Ni2+. The optimum capacity for adsorption for Pb2+ was determined to be 50 mg/g and 42 mg/g for Ni2+. Furthermore, kinetic, isotherms, and thermodynamics studies were also investigated. This was observed in synthetic water sample. The GO/PANI/MOF nanocomposite has a high capacity for removing heavy metal ions from wastewater, making it a promising option for successful treatment. Keywords: Adsorption, wastewater treatment, GO/PANI/MOF nanocomposite, water pollution.9 0Item Restricted THORIUM REMOVAL FROM RARE EARTH INDUSTRIAL RESIDUE USING NATURAL AND MODIFIED ZEOLITES(Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2024-07-24) Alotaibi, Abdulrhman Masoud D; Ismail, Aznan Fazli BinThe rare-earth industries produce a significant quantity of radioactive residue that contains elevated thorium concentrations. Therefore, thorium removal from radioactive waste is regarded as a crucial issue in the treatment of such waste due to its radiotoxicity, chemical toxicity, and long half-life, which could potentially have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Furthermore, the removal of thorium from radioactive residues using appropriate treatments can reduce the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of. This study investigates the removal of thorium ions from synthetic thorium solutions and industrial rare earth residue known as Water Leach Purification (WLP) using natural and modified zeolites. The natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was modified with sulphate and phosphate anions. The physical and chemical characterization of natural zeolite (NZ), phosphate-modified zeolite (PZ), and sulfate-modified zeolite (SZ) was conducted using various characterization techniques. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to assess the suitability of the examined adsorbent materials for the removal of thorium. Adsorption of thorium from the aqueous solutions was investigated via a batch method. Furthermore, isotherm models, kinetic models, and other experimental parameters that affect the adsorption process were also investigated. The successful modification of NZ with sulfate and phosphate anions was confirmed through shifts observed in the Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR). Furthermore, the energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis results unequivocally verified the presence of sulfate and phosphate elements in the structures of SZ and PZ, respectively. Findings proves that the modification to the surface of NZ has been successfully carried out. The modification of NZ reduced its specific surface area but increased its thorium adsorption capacity. The obtained results from the adsorption of thorium ions on NZ, PZ and SZ demonstrated that the investigated adsorbents were capable of removing thorium ions from aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the experimental maximum adsorption capacities of NZ, PZ, and SZ for thorium are found to be 12.7, 17.4, and 13.8 mg/g, respectively. The analysis of isotherms indicated that the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit to the experimental data. The modification of NZ with sulfate anions did not lead to a notable enhancement in its thorium ion adsorption capacity. In contrast, the adsorption capacity was significantly improved when it was modified with phosphate anions. The effect of experimental variables, including contact time, mass of the adsorbent, initial thorium concentration, and pH level of the solution, was scrutinized utilizing the batch mode method to identify the optimal adsorption conditions. The findings revealed that the best parameters for thorium adsorption included a 24-hour contact time, 0.03 grams of PZ, a pH of 3, and a temperature of 25°C. Studies on the kinetics of adsorption showed that the thorium adsorption onto PZ was a good fit for the pseudo-second-order model. The application of PZ to treat actual industrial rare earth residue (WLP) under optimized conditions demonstrated that almost complete thorium removal (> 99%) was achieved from the leached WLP solution. The results obtained indicated that PZ proved to be an exceptionally effective adsorbent material for thorium removal from real industrial rare earth residue using the adsorption method, leading to a decrease in waste volume for final disposal.42 0Item Restricted PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT TREATMENT USING RICE HUSK-BASED ADSORBENT(Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2024) ALGHAMDI ABDULMAJEED HASEN A; Puteh, Mohd HafizThis study addresses the environmental challenges posed by the palm oil industry, specifically focusing on the mitigation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). The main aim of the research is to explore the efficiency and environmental impact of using rice husk-based adsorbents to treat POME. This involves comprehensive adsorption studies to assess the capacity of rice husk-based adsorbents in removing recalcitrant contaminants from POME, ultimately improving its quality. This study offers a sustainable and economically feasible treatment method for POME, addressing both environmental and industrial concerns. By transforming agricultural waste (rice husks) into a valuable resource for wastewater treatment, the research aligns with green chemistry principles and promotes circular economy practices. The study utilizes various surface modification techniques such as chemical functionalization and nanocomposite formation to enhance the performance of rice husk-based adsorbents. Experimental conditions were precisely defined, including the use of different pyrolysis temperatures, dosages, and pH levels, to optimize the adsorption process. The research also involved statistical analysis, including F-tests, to determine the significance of observed differences under varying conditions. The main findings indicate that rice husk-based biochar is effective in reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and ammonia levels in POME. The optimal conditions for maximum pollutant removal were identified to be biochar produced at 800°C showed the highest overall removal efficiency. A dosage of 8 g/L was found to be the most effective for both COD and ammonia removal. The most acidic (pH 4) condition was favourable for COD removal, while ammonia removal remained consistently high across all pH levels, demonstrating that modified rice husk adsorbents can significantly improve the quality of treated POME. The study also revealed the importance of surface modifications in overcoming the inherent limitations of raw rice husk adsorbents. In conclusion, this study contributes to the field by providing a viable solution for POME treatment using rice husk-based adsorbents. It highlights the potential of agricultural waste as an effective and sustainable resource for wastewater treatment, paving the way for further innovations in environmental management.25 0Item Restricted Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Competitive Adsorption of Multi-component PFAS and Reactive Transport of PFAA Precursors in the Vadose Zone(University of Arizona, 2024-08-07) Saleem, Hassan; Gupta, HoshinPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products for their unique resistance to water, oil, temperature, and chemical reactions. However, their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. The challenges and motivations for this dissertation arise from the need to fully address PFAS leaching and retention, which previous work has struggled with due to the complex mechanisms and dynamics of contaminant transport in the vadose zone. Additionally, the critical changes in flow regimes and surface tension modifications, caused by the multi-component adsorption of PFAS, present significant difficulties. Lastly, there is a crucial need to investigate the reaction transport phenomena of PFAS, specifically the transformation from degraded PFAA precursors, to better understand their environmental impact and develop effective remediation strategies. This dissertation consists of two studies xxx findings from two comprehensive studies to enhance the understanding of PFAS behavior in the vadose zone, a critical subsurface region influencing groundwater contamination. The first study develops a multi-component mathematical model to quantify the transport and retention of PFAS mixtures, highlighting the impact of competitive adsorption in varied soil types over long periods. The second study develops a detailed model to simulate the transformation and degradation of PFAS precursors, incorporating environmental and physicochemical factors to elucidate their long-term environmental impacts. Both studies employ advanced numerical modeling, combined with literature experimental data, to provide a robust framework for predicting PFAS transport and transformation. The findings emphasize the significant role of the vadose zone in retaining PFAS and the PFAAs precursors, the influence of soil properties and co-contaminants on PFAS behavior, and the necessity for site-specific remediation strategies. This dissertation research provides critical insights into developing effective remediation techniques, informing regulatory policies, mitigating the long-term impacts of PFAS contamination, and ultimately contributing to the protection of soil and groundwater resources.72 0Item Restricted ASSESSMENT OF IODINE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF SORBENT MATERIALS THROUGH BATCH AND CONTINUOUS FLOW EXPERIMENTS AND THEIR FORMULATION INTO CONSOLIDATION WASTE FORMS(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-23) Alghamdi, Turki; Rezaei, FatemeThe development of nuclear power has always been accompanied by the problem of the safe operation of nuclear power plants. This research focuses on iodine capture using MOFs, immobilization, and safe disposal were important issues for the development of nuclear power. In particular, several function materials were developed, formulated into different structures, and investigated for iodine capture and immobilization using gas or aqueous phase. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were investigated thoroughly for iodine capture from off-gas streams; however, fewer studies have systematically investigated the performance and structure-property relationships of MOFs on iodine removal. In the first part of the research, Zr-UiO-66 and Ni-MOF-74 were successfully synthesized ad adsorbents for iodine in cyclohexane solution. Adsorption temperature, iodine concentration, and ion interference were investigated in the performance of iodine capture. Ni-MOF-74 outperformed Zr-UiO-66 in immobilizing iodine from the solution by achieving a maximum iodine removal efficiency of 97% at 60 °C Besides the results showed that the presence of other interfering ions marginally affects the iodine removal efficiency over both MOF sorbents. Then, continuous-flow experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of these candidate adsorbents under more realistic conditions. The second part of the research focuses on addressing this issue by converting these iodine-laden MOFs into suitable waste consolidated forms for long-term disposal. Cement type III was used to solidify and stabilize the waste for disposal. The obtained findings show that the ability of the cement waste form to permanently trap iodine for safe geological disposal.41 0Item Restricted Recent Advancements in Graphene Oxide Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-10-02) Alyami, Hussain Hadi; Tahir, Asif; Roy, AnuragThe rapid increase in the world's population, alongside accelerated industrial expansion and the profound impacts of climate change, is intensifying the global water scarcity crisis. Graphene oxide (GO) and its varied composites play a pivotal role in wastewater purification, attributed to their superior adsorptive, oxidative, and catalytic properties. This review highlights the advances in hybrid graphene-based membrane materials, specifically engineered for water purification, addressing the growing demand for potable water. Intrinsically, graphene and GO and their composites boast a considerable pore volume, outstanding conductivity, diverse surface chemistry, and a remarkable aspect ratio. These attributes position them as ideal agents for the adsorption and catalysis of organic pollutants from wastewater. Notably, the sheet-like, resonant, polyaromatic π-system inherent in graphene derivatives facilitates critical interactions with organic pollutants, be it π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, or electrostatic interactions. Such pollutants span from dyes and pharmaceutical by products to a spectrum of agricultural and industrial effluents. Many of these pollutants possess reactive unsaturated aromatic structures and abundant oxygen-rich functional groups. Numerous studies have meticulously analyzed the adsorption capacities of these pollutants, often framed within the context of established adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir and Freundlich. Likewise, kinetic models, determinative factors, and the reusability of adsorbents have been thoroughly investigated. However, there's a noticeable gap in comprehensive dialogues comparing graphene-based membranes to other hybrid counterparts. Deepening our understanding of these graphene-infused membranes is crucial, marking a new paradigm in graphene applications. It is projected that upcoming research endeavors will further scrutinize and perfect the fabrication techniques of these cutting-edge graphene membranes, catalyzing more innovations in the sector.22 0