Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted EFFECT OF BOTTLED WATER AND FLUORIDE TOOTHPASTE USAGE ON CARIES LESION REMINERALIZATION.(Indiana University, 2023-07-17) Qaw, Masoumah; Lippert, FrankBackground: The importance of fluoride in the prevention of dental caries has been well documented in the literature, as it inhibits demineralization of the tooth structure and enhances remineralization. One of the major public health policies to prevent caries is to provide the population with an adequate amount of fluoride through community water fluoridation. Nowadays many people drink bottled water instead of tap water due to its easy access, convenience, and low cost. Besides fluoride, other minerals present in tap and bottled water, such as calcium and magnesium, are also important in decreasing dental caries prevalence. However, our knowledge of the role of bottled water in caries prevention and especially when combined with fluoride toothpaste usage is still poor. Objectives: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the effects of some bottled waters on fluoride toothpaste efficacy in enhancing caries lesion remineralization. Methodology: Early caries lesions were created in bovine enamel specimens and stratified into treatment groups based on Vickers surface microhardness (VHN). The present study followed a two (fluoride and fluoride-free toothpaste) by five (four bottled waters and tap water) factorial design. The treatment groups were bottled water with the following attributes: a) 309.9 ppm Ca/1.20 ppm F; b) 118.4 ppm Ca/0.16 ppm F; c) 1.00 ppm Ca/1.01 ppm F; d) 0.1 ppm Ca/0.04 ppm F, and tap water (48.7 ppm Ca/0.7 ppm F). The five water groups were paired either with 1100 ppm fluoride or fluoride-free toothpaste, yielding 10 groups. Specimens were pH-cycled for 10 days with the daily regimen comprised of twice daily toothpaste slurry, with four exposures to water in between. VHN was measured, again, and the difference calculated (∆VHN). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA at a 5-percent significance level. Results: The two-way interaction between water and toothpaste was significant (p < 0.001). All groups except fluoride-free toothpaste/bottled water with 0.1 ppm Ca/0.04 ppm F (p = 0.411) had significant increases in VHN after pH cycling (p ≤ 0.023). Fluoridated toothpaste resulted in a higher rate of remineralization compared to fluoride- free toothpaste (all p < 0.001). Bottled water with 1.20 ppm F/309.9 ppm Ca exhibited the greatest extent of remineralization within fluoride toothpaste groups (p < 0.001) and higher remineralization than lower fluoride water in fluoride-free toothpaste groups (p ≤ 0.006). Within the fluoridated toothpaste group, tap water exhibited significantly less remineralization compared to all bottled waters (all p < 0.001). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, bottled water with higher fluoride and calcium concentrations might improve fluoridated toothpaste efficacy by enhancing remineralization of early enamel caries-like lesions.21 0Item Restricted Restoration of subsurface mineral in non-cavitated enamel lesions using bioactive nanoparticles: In Vitro Study(University of Michigan, 2023) Almutairi, Nader; Clarkson, BrianRestoration of early-stage, non-cavitated caries lesions is a clinical challenge with few available options. Fluoride can stop the progression of caries at any stage, but it is ineffective at restoring enamel crystals lost within the lesion body. This study demonstrates the penetration of fluorapatite nanocrystals (nFA) into the subsurface of white spot lesions (WSL) using a calcium-binding fluorophore and two-photon microscopy (Fluo-4). Randomly divided into three groups, sixteen extracted human teeth with either active, natural or in vitrocreated carious lesions in enamel were analyzed. The teeth were treated with an emulsion of nFA crystals tagged with Fluo-4, Fluo-4 alone, or deionized water for 2 minutes and then left for 30 minutes before being washed with distilled water and analyzed using a two-photon microscope. At their deepest, in vitro and natural lesions treated with tagged nFA fluoresced at a depth of 80um. Lesions treated with Fluo-4 without crystals exhibited fluorescence primarily at the enamel's surface, whereas slabs treated with deionized water exhibited minimal to no fluorescence.55 0