Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Interior Design Factors and Energy E ciency in Residential Apartments: A Simulation-based Analysis using IES-VE. Case Study: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia(University of Reading, 2024-09-26) Binzain, Afnan; Essah, Emmanuel; Jones, RoryThis study offers a comprehensive analysis of how interior design factors contribute to the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Jeddah. The motivation behind this research stems from two factors: the increasing energy demand driven by population growth and climate change challenges, and the need for proactive measures to reduce energy consumption in residential buildings. Despite its importance, particularly during the use phase, the role of interior design in energy efficiency is rarely addressed in the literature. Four standard apartments were selected as case studies, all located in the same seven-story building. The objective of this research is to evaluate how interior design parameters—specifically artificial lighting, daylight exposure, and color choices—impact energy efficiency. This analysis is conducted using detailed architectural modeling and simulation with IES-VE software. The results of this study show that incorporating the following interior design factors can lead to significant energy savings: (1) optimizing the quantity, quality, and distribution of artificial lighting, (2) ensuring sufficient daylight illuminance with the use of double-glazed windows and shading devices, and (3) choosing high reflectance color schemes. Implementing these strategies can reduce lighting energy consumption by 23 percent, and total energy consumption by 3.4 percent to 4.6 percent annually. However, these results depend on maintaining sufficient space between buildings to allow for adequate daylight, which may require policy consideration. Therefore, one of the key recommendations of this paper is to make real estate developers aware of the importance of interior design features during the design and construction phases. Additionally, ensuring appropriate building distances in new districts is crucial to optimize daylight use and foster a more sustainable environment .25 0Item Restricted Investigating Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings Through Residents’ Perspectives: A Case Study of Two Apartment buildings in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia(Cardiff University, 2024) Almowalad, Hanyn; Mehmood, AbidExisting building stock in Saudi Arabia is a major contributor to energy consumption, with residential buildings alone consuming half of the electricity generated by the national grid. Notably, various studies have identified key contributors to high-energy consumption and retrofitting potentials in residential buildings. Most of the works have attempted to identify key contributors to high-energy consumption in residential buildings, as well as strategies and potential for energy saving retrofits. However, limited attention has been given to the social perspective, particularly in exploring energy efficiency from residents’ experiences to identify key factors influencing energy consumption and the challenges of optimising energy efficiency, particularly in apartment buildings, to gain a deeper understanding. This study employs a qualitative research method using a dual case study approach, focusing on two apartment buildings. Data is collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. The study findings identify key factors influencing energy consumption in the investigated apartment buildings, including building characteristics such as exterior fabric, position, and unit design, as well as the high usage of air conditioning and essential home appliances like lighting and washing machines, the human’s energy-saving habits, and temporary residency. This study also identifies the potential for fabric upgrades, including insulation improvements, window replacements, and the integration of photovoltaic (PV) panels. However, these upgrades are hindered by significant challenges such as resident’s financial constraints, logistical barriers, and legal restrictions arising from the presence of multiple tenure types within the same building. The findings show that excluding existing residential buildings from energy conservation measures to retrofit, along with a lack of financial aid for upgrades and minimum standards for rentals, may result in continued high- energy consumption. This underscores the need to include existing buildings in policy reforms.15 0Item Restricted Energy Support in the Saudi Residential Sector Using Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-12-30) Qahtani, Abdullah; Trigunarsyah, Bambang; Simko, TomOver the past decade, Saudi Arabia's energy demand has increased significantly. Various variables, including population growth, economic development, improvements in living standards, Hot and arid climate weather, industrial growth, energy use policies, energy source diversification, and low-cost energy regimes, have contributed to this trend. The energy requirement of residential buildings in Saudi Arabia faces several problems, such as the energy sources currently in use, the rising demand for houses, and the general rise in individual consumption. Renewable energy sources must be utilised as one of the options to cover and minimise the energy demand, which is especially significant in the residential sector. As a developing country, Saudi Arabia faces different challenges in applying sustainability to residential buildings; therefore, it is essential to further sustainability research for better implementation and input in the development of the country. Solar systems are one of the greatest modern inventions the world has ever known, but like all building components, there are issues related to architecture or construction. The implementation of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) technology within the elements of residential buildings has the potential to mitigate those challenges. Residential buildings in Saudi Arabia face several challenges in meeting their energy demands. The implementation of sustainability in residential buildings causes particular challenges for Saudi Arabia. The thesis aims to develop a framework for successfully implementing BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. It identifies the key stakeholders in Saudi Arabia regarding the use of BIPV technology and their understanding of its relationship with sustainability. This study also highlights the barriers and enabling factors to the implementation of BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, it provides recommendations for stakeholders in Saudi Arabia, including government, industry, academia and end users, regarding the need to adopt BIPV technology. A combination of research methods was used to meet the outlined goals and research questions. Primary and secondary data are used in this study. The primary data are online questionnaires with key stakeholders in Saudi Arabia regarding BIPV technology, two Delphi rounds with specialists, and the Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach analysis. The stakeholders' perceptions of BIPV technology in Saudi Arabia were first surveyed. That survey found that most respondents (around 88%) considered solar energy the best renewable source for residential electricity generation in Saudi Arabia. However, forty-two per cent of respondents did not know of any possible adverse effects of BIPV technology on the form and functionality of residential buildings. Also, twenty-six per cent of the sample group supports the idea that there is a possible adverse effect of BIPV technology on the shape and functions of residential buildings. The Delphi survey was then analysed to identify the barriers and factors to the implementation of BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. It was noted that most of the experts who participated in the first Delphi round agreed with those barriers and factors related to the implementation of BIPV technology in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia. It was determined that a second Delphi round was unnecessary because the weighted average of all barriers and factors was high. Lastly, Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) was employed to identify factors, define their interrelationships, and rank them to clarify complex issues from a systems perspective. This study uses the process of ISM to consider the hierarchy and interdependence of the factors that could facilitate the implementation of BIPV technology. It was initially thought that the primary categorisation of factors would only be used to implement the ISM concept. Still, it was realised that it would be advantageous to identify all the relationships between the factors. The ISM model enables decision-makers to strategically plan the implementation of BIPV technology. The developed ISM organises the factors affecting BIPV adoption into an eight-level hierarchy. The ISM model handles all possible relationships between factors. It was concluded that the availability of BIPV technical experts and marketing specialists is the hierarchy's root for adopting BIPV technology in Saudi Arabia's residential buildings. This factor assists in achieving institutional acceptance and providing climatic and geographic data to adopt the BIPV technology in residential projects. Three other high-strength factors impact the adoption of BIPV: determining feed-in tariff to reduce BIPV installation costs, connecting different property rights and funding methods, and adopting the BIPV technology based on climatic and geographical data. Reducing the impact of the tax on the financial return, reducing variables in prices and components of the BIPV system, clarifying frameworks for stakeholders of grid interactive BIPV systems, and efficient planning, designing, operation and maintenance of BIPV systems are medium strengths concerning the BIPV adoption. The Saudi government stipulates no tax exemption considerations for PV technology systems. Efforts to resolve this difficulty will significantly assist in the adoption of BIPV technology. Thus, the price of system components can be reduced. In addition, the total cost per watt of PV systems has declined significantly in the last few years because of advances in their technology. Additional levels have factors classified as unstable linkage factors; any change in these factors will affect other factors. As Saudi Arabia is still in the beginning stages of adopting BIPV technology in residential buildings, the current progress for these levels is relatively low.39 0