Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Employing communication for building learned trust in autonomous vehicles, A qualitative pilot study.(Politecnico Di Milano, 2024) Alharbi, Eilaf; Borghetti, Fabio; Bianchini, BeatriceAs autonomous vehicles (AVs) advance towards full automation, trust between passengers and the automated systems becomes a critical factor to their existence. This research presents a pilot study on developing a design framework to help build and maintain a dynamic learned trust during interactions with fully autonomous vehicles by exploring various information types, structures, and communication modalities. The study draws on insights from previous research, semi-structured interviews with 6 users and 3 experts to identify key design elements that influence trust. Key findings suggest that minimizing driving-related information and instead focusing on journey-related details can prevent passengers from feeling the need to monitor the vehicle’s decisions, thereby fostering trust. The concept of "Information on Demand" emerged as a valuable approach to balance transparency and personalization, allowing passengers to request specific information whenever is needed. Additionally, "technical explanations" were identified as effective in restoring trust when errors occur, emphasizing the importance of timely and clear communication. The research also highlighted the limited impact of non-driving tasks, such as entertainment on trust. Furthermore, communication modalities should be tailored to the type of information being conveyed, taking into account various risks and the passengers’ ability to process different communication methods. This pilot study’s results lay the foundations for a larger scale study aiming to examine various factors that influence the dynamic learned trust during the interaction with the automated system in the vehicles.5 0Item Restricted Factors driving Mobile Shopping Apps Loyalty in the UK(University of East Anglia, 2024-08-22) Alkhairallah, Khulud; Alotaibi, DalalThe widespread adoption of digital technologies has substantially transformed many aspects of daily life, especially retail and consumer behaviour. A significant increase in online shopping through mobile applications is anticipated in the UK due to the growing popularity of smartphones, a trend known as mobile shopping (M-shopping) or mobile commerce (M-commerce). This dissertation investigates the factors influencing customer loyalty in M-shopping apps, an area that has not been extensively explored in existing literature. This study, which focuses on the UK market, looks at how user loyalty in mobile shopping applications is affected by four factors namely service quality, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and trust. A questionnaire survey was conducted and 201 valid responses were received. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse data and to test the research hypotheses. The analysis revealed that all four factors have significant direct influence on M-Shopping loyalty and they account for 61.1% of the variation in mobile shopping loyalty in the UK. The study offers practical insights for companies looking to increase customer loyalty in the ever-changing digital marketplace. It pinpoints strategies for improving these factors. The findings also advance our knowledge of how changing digital interactions and customer expectations affect loyalty in mobile shopping.22 0Item Restricted Leveraging Blockchain for Trust Enhancement in Decentralized Marketplaces: A Reputation System Perspective(Old Dominion University, 2024-07) Aljohani, Meshari; Olariu, Stephan; Mukkamala, RaviCentralized marketplaces provide reliable reputation services through a central authority, but this raises concerns about single points of failure, user privacy, and data security. Decentralized marketplaces have emerged to address these issues by enhancing user privacy and transparency and eliminating single points of failure. However, decentralized marketplaces face the challenge of maintaining user trust without a centralized authority. Current blockchain-based marketplaces rely on subjective buyer feedback. Additionally, the transparency in these systems can deter honest reviews due to fear of seller retaliation. To address these issues, we propose a trust and reputation system using blockchain and smart contracts. Our system replaces unreliable buyer feedback with objective transaction assessments. Performance challenges of blockchain-based systems are tackled through three innovative schemes, resulting in a substantial improvement over the baseline approach. Furthermore, we proposed a decentralized marketplace utilizing blockchain-based smart contracts to address privacy concerns in buyer reviews that arise from the transparency of decentralized marketplaces. This enables buyers to use one-time identities for reviews to promote anonymity. This system ensures that buyers provide reviews by requiring a review fee, which is fully refunded after the review is submitted. Moreover, we proposed a trust and reputation service based on Laplace’s Law of Succession, where trust in a seller is defined as the subjective probability that they will fulfill their contractual obligations in the next transaction. This method accommodates multi-segment marketplaces and time-varying seller performance, predicts trust and reputation far into the future, and discounts older reputation scores. In addition, we propose SmartReview, an automated review system utilizing blockchain smart contracts to generate objective, bias-free reviews. The review module is designed as a smart contract that takes the contract terms and the evidence provided by the buyer and seller as inputs. It employs advanced computer vision and machine learning techniques to produce quantitative and qualitative reviews for each transaction, ensuring objectivity and eliminating reviewer bias. Lastly, we introduce a structured blockchain architecture featuring a layered approach. This architecture includes mechanisms for secure transaction recording and efficient query retrieval through auxiliary indexing, demonstrating significant advancements in decentralized data management.24 0Item Restricted COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW ON THE PROCEEDINGS OF TRANSFERRING OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY AT DEATH BETWEEN U.S. AND SAUDI ARABIA.(Wake Forest University, 2024-04-26) Alolayan, Mohammed Hammoud; Meazell, ChristopherWhat has been established in the field of rights is that its only source is law. It is the decision for the reasons that create the right and the reasons that acquire and transfer rights. Rights, as is known, vary and diverge. The right may be in kind, original or consequential. The right may be personal. One of the most important original rights in kind is the right of ownership. This right is the way to acquire and obtain it legally. The right of ownership may be directed to a movable or real estate. If ownership is based on a property, the legislator is required in the process of acquiring this property, or transferring it in several stages, until the real estate is transferred from one person to another because the property has a status It is important and vital in the field of social and economic development. Real estate is an important source of profit for the state treasury, through which the tax imposed on the transactions of individuals in their real estate is obtained. Therefore, we find that the legislator has distinguished real estate with several advantages. The most important feature of real estate is to require the legislator in the process of transferring its ownership to a series of stages, starting to document it until its registration, and the process of making it famous. Because this topic is one of the most important topics that should be taken care of and given a great deal of importance as it relates to the property of individuals, whether real or personal property, and because it is one of the most disputed topics, especially after death, specifically in the event of non-division, donation, or even guardianship, in addition to the inadequate qualifications of judges, poor outputs, and the lack of specialized persons in this field, the legislator has decided to make some changes to the current law in order The second portion of the paper offers a historical analysis of how ownership of real estate in the Kingdom is passed down from one generation to the next after a person's passing. Saudi Arabia, first, to describe the Saudi Constitution, and then, regarding this topic, to review the perspectives of the four different schools; In the third segment, we will talk about the transfer of ownership of real estate after death by will in both the Saudi law and the American law. We will compare and contrast the two legal laws with regard to the similarities and differences that exist in this area. This paper will come to a close with the fourth portion.38 0Item Restricted Intelligent Context-aware Fog Node Discovery and Trust-based Fog Node Selection(University of Technology Sydney, 2024) Bukhari, Afnan; Hussain, Farookh KhadeerIn today’s highly advanced technological age, edge devices are widely used. By 2030, Cisco predicts that more than 500 billion edge devices (also known in this research as fog consumers) will be in use [1]. Data from all these devices may experience significant delays when handled, processed and stored through cloud computing. To resolve this issue, fog computing is the best solution. With fog computing, processing, storage, and networking are brought to the edge of the network near fog consumers. This reduces latency, network bandwidth, and response times. Researchers have yet to address the critical challenge of identifying and selecting a reliable and relevant fog node to fog consumers. The existing approaches consider the discovery and selection of fog nodes based on the networking point of view. However, no approach addresses the use of AI-driven mechanisms for intelligent fog node discovery and selection. This research aims to propose an intelligent and distributed framework for context-aware fog node discovery and trust-based fog node selection. This research aims to discover the closest fog nodes in a context-aware manner and select a reliable fog node based on the trust value. The proposed approach is based on the distributed Fog Registry Consortium (FRC) between fog consumers and fog nodes that can facilitate the discovery and selection processes of fog nodes. To ensure that the tasks from the fog consumer are processed in a timely manner, one of the crucial aspects to consider for fog node discovery is the geographic distance between the fog node and the fog consumer as this directly impacts latency, response time, and bandwidth usage for fog consumers. Thus, location-based context awareness is one of the key decision criteria for fog node discovery to ensure that the QoS metrics are satisfied. In this research, we propose the Fog Node Discovery Engine (FNDE) within the Distributed Fog Registry (DFR), within FRC, as an intelligent and distributed fog discovery mechanism which enables a fog consumer to intelligently discover fog nodes in a context-aware manner. In this research, the KNN, K-d tree and brute force algorithms are used to discover fog nodes based on the location-based context-aware criteria of fog consumers and fog nodes. Fog node selection is a crucial aspect in the development of a fog computing system. It forms the foundation for other techniques such as resource allocation, task delegation, load balancing, and service placement. Fog consumers have the task of choosing the most suitable and reliable fog node(s) from the available options, based on specific criteria. This research presents the intelligent and reliable Fog Node Selection Engine (FNSE), which is an intelligent method to assist fog consumers to select appropriate and reliable fog nodes in a trustworthy manner. This intelligent mechanism predicts the trust value of fog nodes to help the user select a reliable fog node based on its trust value. Our selection approach is based on the trust value of the fog node based on the values of the QoS factors. If the fog node has historical information of the QoS factors provided to this fog node, then the Trust Evaluation Engine (TEE) in the FNSE is responsible to carry out the prediction of the trust value. With the trust value of fog nodes, the FNSE will be able to rank the fog node to select the most reliable fog node in the network. We propose three mechanisms: the TEE mechanism based on fuzzy logic, the TEE mechanism based on logistic regression, and the TEE mechanism based on a deep neural network. However, if the QoS values of the fog node are unknown, this means the FNSE is unable to make a meaningful selection of fog nodes. To solve the problem of the cold-start fog node, we propose the Bootstrapping Engine (BE) which is an intelligent trust-based fog node bootstrapping framework. This framework is designed to address the cold-start problem in fog computing environments which enables fog consumers to make informed and trustworthy decisions when selecting fog nodes for their applications. To address this challenge, the BE employs two key modules, namely the QoS prediction module and the reputation prediction module. The QoS prediction module utilizes the k-means clustering and KNN algorithms to predict the initial QoS values of new cold-start fog nodes. Additionally, within the reputation prediction module, we propose three AI methods to achieve the best performance and prediction results, namely fuzzy logic-based reputation prediction, regression-based reputation prediction, and deep learning-based reputation prediction to predict and evaluate the trust value of the new cold-start fog nodes. Finally, we present the simulation of the framework and the evaluation results of each proposed engine which highlight the best performance.26 0Item Restricted Extending the Technology Acceptance Model: Exploring Trust and Perceived Risk in the Adoption of Virtual Assistants within the Context of Saudi Arabia(Nottingham University, 2023-12-13) Altamimi, Bashaer; Muaid, ReemThis research examined, in depth, the factors that impact users' willingness to utilise virtual assistant apps in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The analysis included trust and perceived risk as essential elements, expanding on the technology acceptance model. Drawing from the perspectives of 281 virtual assistant application users in Saudi Arabia, the results of the study confirmed and underscored the significant, positive roles played by both the technology acceptance model and user confidence in shaping users’ propensity to embrace virtual assistant applications. In addition, the study revealed that different dimensions of perceived risk, spanning performance, as well as psychological risks, privacy risks and security risks did not exert any noteworthy influence on the adoption of virtual assistant applications. These findings provide valuable strategic insights for virtual assistant companies, aiding them in devising strategies to attract users and efficiently allocating resources for customer growth and retention. Furthermore, this investigation presents empirical evidence that enhances the theoretical comprehension of users' intents to embrace virtual assistant apps, specifically in the context of Saudi Arabia.19 0Item Restricted Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Media Policy in Protecting Social Media Users in Saudi Arabia from Hate Speech and Discriminatory Content: Transparency, Awareness, Trust, and Future Vision(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-08) Alghannam, Hussain Ali; Boyle, RaymondThis groundbreaking study delves into the effectiveness of media policies in Saudi Arabia in combating hate speech and discriminatory content on social media platforms. Through a comprehensive exploration of Saudi users' perspectives, this research measures exposure levels, evaluates awareness and trust in state-enacted policies, and gauges users' optimism for future developments. The integration of quantitative and qualitative methods provides a nuanced understanding of the data. Results indicate relatively low exposure to harmful content, with 66.48% reporting no encounter, yet 33.52% experienced such content. Qualitative insights reveal a consensus on defining hate speech, aligning with global perspectives. Awareness of policies is high but calls for intensified education emerged, emphasising the correlation between awareness and trust. Remarkably, 88.26% express confidence in Saudi media policies. Optimism about future policy development is widespread, with over 90% expressing positivity. Recommendations for future research include broader inclusion of stakeholders, comparative studies with other cultures, and exploring the dynamics of trust and awareness. This study contributes to media management research, emphasising the importance of effective policies in creating respectful and protective digital spaces. Despite its Saudi focus, the study's implications transcend borders, advocating for global collaboration in mitigating harmful online content.71 0Item Restricted Explore The Perspective of the Public Institution Toward Their Collaboration with the Social Media Celebrities(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-08-10) Alreshwde, Bander; Patel, SusmiThe research’s central idea has been to explore and analyse the views and decisions of public authorities regarding their cooperative working with social-media influencers or celebrities. Methodology: The research integrated semi-structured interviews with 6 editors-in-chief and directors from Saudi media agencies. Thematic analysis was rigorously performed to evaluate the data findings.16 0Item Restricted An Exploration of The Use of Social Media (Websites/ Twitter) As A Public Relations Communication Technique by Saudi Charities for Relationship Building(2023) Aljaafar, Alhanouf; Rydzewska, Joanna; Rees, SianThis exploratory thesis is one of the first to investigate how charitable organisations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) create dialogue, develop trust, and build relationships using websites and Twitter, aiming to identify strategic communication plans for enhancing fundraising through donor relationship-building via digital means. The theoretical framework comprises Social Exchange Theory, Kent and Taylor’s (1998) principles of dialogic communication, and the two-way symmetrical model of public relations (PR) to examine the use of websites and Twitter as PR tools. Data was collected through qualitative content analysis of the websites of 95 charities, 289 tweets from the Twitter accounts of seven charities, and face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 11 PR practitioners from five charities. The findings revealed that Saudi charities tended to use their websites as a source of information but underutilised the ability to facilitate dialogic communication with stakeholders. Usefulness of Information was the main dialogical principle of communication emerging from the website and Twitter analysis. However, the information disclosed on websites was insufficient, with 38 providing annual reports, 49 with media centres and 76 publishing financial reports. The findings showed that Saudi charitable organisations were not fully exploiting interaction and two-way communication on their websites or Twitter. A charity’s transparency and credibility influence potential donors to make contributions, and the interview results indicated that confidence can be built by delivering and promoting successes and providing visual images and financial reports, as these increase donations. This study offers insight into how Saudi charities use websites and Twitter to communicate and build trust with the key public, extending upon existing knowledge of how websites and social media can be used for PR purposes by charitable organisations. It concludes with implications of how Saudi charities can use websites and Twitter to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with stakeholders.25 0