Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted A Scholarly Analysis of Inside Trading as Unethical Behavior within Securities Law: A Comparative Study of the United States and Saudi Arabia(Washington University School of Law, 2024) Alotaibi, Mamdouh Mohammed; Geest, Gerrit DeThis dissertation is purposed to embark on an in-depth comparative scrutiny of the legal approach towards inside trading in both Saudi Arabia and the United States. It aims to offer a comprehensive analysis encompassing the evolution of inside trading legislation historically, the present-day enforcement mechanisms, the punitive measures in place, and potential enhancements to better the existing legal structures. The first chapter provides a historical overview, comparing the evolution of inside trading laws in both jurisdictions. It scrutinizes the evolution of the Saudi Securities Law, with a particular focus on inside trading, from the establishment of the Saudi Company Act in 1965 to its current form. Concurrently, it explores the development of inside trading laws in the United States from the early 1900s to the present day. A comprehensive investigation of both Saudi and American legal systems identifies historical deficiencies in Saudi Arabia's inside trading regulations. This comparative analysis serves as a foundation for discussions in later chapters on how the Saudi Capital Market Law (CML) could potentially benefit from incorporating aspects of American inside trading legislation and policy. The dissertation then proceeds to address the materiality of non-public information, a pivotal concept in inside trading law. Examining the ambiguities and complexities inherent in defining and categorizing insiders, it investigates the implications these challenges have on investing and trading within stock markets. The lack of public access to substantial information is identified as a fundamental challenge, driving the necessity for effective regulations to ensure fair trading practices. Subsequently, the dissertation delves into a comparative analysis of disclosure forms and inside trading loopholes within the CML and the United States. Emphasizing the role of disclosure 10 in deterring inside trading and keeping the market informed, it outlines the importance of disclosure rules in maintaining market efficiency. A critical evaluation of these rules within Saudi and U.S. legal contexts provides insights into potential improvements that could increase transparency and reduce opportunities for inside trading in Saudi Arabia. The next major area of investigation focuses on the enforcement of laws pertaining to inside trading and the associated criminal and civil penalties. It comprehensively reviews CML's enforcement procedures, detection methods, and penalties imposed on inside trading offenses. This analysis further explores the penalties and enforcement mechanisms employed by the U.S. to combat insider trading, including the whistleblower program. It critically evaluates the effectiveness of these measures, both within the U.S. and globally, offering insights into the challenges of enforcing insider trading laws and potential solutions under CML.17 0Item Restricted Economic Evaluations of Sickle Cell Disease-Modifying Therapies in Adult Patients(Howard University, 2024-07) Algatan, Razan; Wingate, La'Marcus T.Throughout history, sickle cell disease (SCD) has faced unequal healthcare treatment, impacting African Americans disproportionately due to difficulties in obtaining high-quality medical services. Although advancements in medicine have resulted in longer lifespans, these improvements may not fully meet the complex requirements of the growing number of elderly individuals dealing with the illness. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to (1) to investigate how the type of insurance influences the use of crizanlizumab and voxelotor in adult patients with SCD; (2) to evaluate the financial burden and therapeutic benefits of SCD therapies in mature individuals; and (3) to determine the financial impact and feasibility of using SCD treatments in U.S. Medicaid programs that have the highest rates of SCD. Methods: A comprehensive review of patient records was undertaken at the adult SCD clinic at Howard University Hospital, spanning from 2019 to 2023. The review focused on patients prescribed crizanlizumab and voxelotor, and extracted demographic data and insurance information. Logistic regression used to predict crizanlizumab or voxelotor usage A cost-utility analysis compared the cost-effectiveness of SCD-modifying therapies to automated red blood cell exchange in adult patients, using a lifetime horizon and taking into account societal costs. This model was then used to estimate the total budgetary impact of these therapies versus automated red blood cell exchange over a one-year period, from the perspective of U.S. Medicaid programs with the highest incidence of SCD, and exploring the potential benefits of an annuity payment model. Results: A total of 54 patients with were included, SCD, with an average age of 39.4 years, and the vast majority were single (90.7%). Notably, patients with dual eligibility had a significantly higher average age (43 years) compared to those with only Medicaid coverage(40 years). After controlling for other factors, the results showed that patients with Medicare coverage were nearly 10 times more likely to receive crizanlizumab compared to those with Medicaid coverage. The cost utility analysis indicated that automated red blood cell exchange (aRBCX) may be a cost-effective strategy compared to other SCD-modifying therapies, with a cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) below $100,000, depending on the severity of SCD and the likelihood of death due to vaso-occlusive crisis. The cost-utility model predicted that hydroxyurea had the lowest lifetime costs, approximately $1,039,311, while voxelotor had the highest, approximately $3,252,674. Also, aRBCX resulted in the highest QALY and the fewest acute pain episodes over a lifetime. In terms of cost-effectiveness, l-glutamine had the lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio compared to aRBCX. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated that voxelotor had the largest annualized budget impact, adding approximately $95,702.40 per patient compared to aRBCX, while hydroxyurea offered significant short-term cost savings of approximately $41,519.23 per patient relative to aRBCX. Conclusions: Medicaid serves as a vital safety net for individuals afflicted with SCD, with roughly half of adult sufferers relying on Medicaid or similar programs for their health insurance needs. Despite this, the adoption of interventions that can alter the course of SCD remains surprisingly limited. In stark contrast, aRBCX has consistently shown more favorable results in adult patients compared to these disease-modifying therapies.18 0Item Restricted The Impact of U.S. Public Opinion on U.S. Engagement with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Claremont Graduate University, 2024) Alsuhaibani, Ibrahim; Rogers, MelissaThis study analyzes the impact of public opinion on the United States’ relationship with Saudi Arabia, a 78-year ally. A limited number of studies exist on the effect of public opinion on their relationship as the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia do not share many values and have different political cultures and religions. Therefore, my study offers an insight into a dynamic that has seen little to no attention. The structure of the study also provides a perspective of the relationship of both Congress and the office of the Presidency to the Kingdom. The analysis provides further insight into the role of public attitudes, partisanship, elites, and the media may have on foreign policy decision-making. Ultimately, the study concludes that public opinion influences Congress’ legislature towards Saudi Arabia to some degree more so than the Office of the Presidency from 2001 to 2023. However, further examination of Congress and the President’s changing function and its receptivity to public opinion in the context of the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia would provide further information about the larger field of foreign policy decision-making.37 0Item Restricted Bush and Blair’s decision to invade Iraq(King's College London, 2023-12-01) Alqarni, Khalid; SefaNyarko, ClementThe decision made by Bush and Blair to invade Iraq was one of the most questionable decisions in the global foreign affairs in the last 50 years due to the lengthy war that occurred after the invasion which resulted in the insecurity that came in Iraq and the region. Such a major decision by two top leaders in the global foreign affairs needs to be studied based on leadership studies. Hence, this research will adapt the process-based leadership analytical framework in order to analyse the whole invasion starting from the history that led to the decision, and how both leaders emerged to make such a decision. This is to reach the main aim of this research which is to measure the effectiveness of Bush and Blair decision to go to war in Iraq. The analysis of the decision ended in showing how ineffective was both Bush and Blair decision on the U.S., UK and Iraq because it led to a deadly civil war, death of Americans and British soldiers, and large civilian death toll. furthermore, the decision led to long lasting consequences which impacted the following governments of Bush and Blair such as sectarian war in Iraq, economical effect on the U.S, UK, emerge of ISIS. The current studies of leadership did not take this major event to account as a situation, but rather it was examined based on the leaders themselves. Thus, this research adapted the process-based leadership approach because events in regards of conflict and peace needs to be studied through the situation not the leaders, because it will help to measure the effectiveness and detect any new emerging situation that needs a new leader to emerge. However, studying a case through the leader will end in judging the leader of being good or bad, and this is not helpful in reaching a solution if the process was ineffective.12 0Item Restricted Prevalence of Insomnia and Its Impact on Academic Performance Among Respiratory Therapy Students in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the United States of America (USA).(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-04) Alasimi, Ahmed H; Brandenberger, KyleBackground: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up early in the morning, along with significant distress and impairments of daytime functioning. It is a prevalent sleep complaint among health science students, due to an overburdened academic load, protracted intensive study periods, and stressful lifestyles to maintain an outstanding grade point average (GPA). Therefore, insomnia can adversely affect students' health and academic performance. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of insomnia and its impact on academic performance among respiratory therapy students in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the United States of America (USA). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 9 and September 12, 2023. Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was distributed electronically to students' email addresses through direct coordination with RT department directors. Data were collected from RT students in both countries by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Descriptive statistics of the participants were presented in frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. A one-way ANOVA test was used to measure the significant differences of ISI scores among categorical groups. Results: A total of 403 responses were received from both countries. The majority of them were from Saudi Arabia (79.9%) and (20.1%) from the United States. The study findings showed that the prevalence of insomnia among RT students in SA and the USA was found to be 32% and 21%, respectively. In addition, ISI scores were significantly higher among Saudi RT students who were female, in their second academic year, current smokers, single, and those with a poor cumulative GPA. However, ISI scores were significantly higher only among current smoker RT students in the USA. Conclusion: Insomnia was a prevalent sleep disorder among respiratory therapy students in both Saudi Arabia and the United States. Insomnia was negatively correlated with students' academic performance. Several demographic factors were significantly associated with a higher level of insomnia, including gender, academic year, smoking status, marital status, and GPA. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights for educational institutions and stakeholders to work collaboratively to implement tailored interventions and coping strategies that support students' healthy sleep habits, mental well-being, and academic achievement52 0Item Restricted THE UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONSHIP AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECURITY POLICIES IN ASIA-PACIFIC: CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE(2023-05-26) Alrashidi, Zarea; Cohen, Michael DavidCultural values and norms are likely to play an important role in shaping national security policies, especially globally. This research aims to understand how fighting for cultural superiority between the United States and China impacts the development of arms and military-oriented policies in the Asia-Pacific region. The study employed an explanatory research methodology where four Asian-Pacific region case studies were selected for analysis. The four sub-objectives of the study included: To understand the impact of culture on the development of security policies in the Asia Pacific region, To explore and explain how the U.S and China's fight for cultural superiority affect the development of arms and military-oriented policies in Asia Pacific region; To explore and explain the reliability of the constructivist school of thought compared to the traditional security concepts in understanding the cultural conflict between the United States and China; To explain how China's growing military capacity in the Asia-pacific region affects the existing national security policies. The study was anchored on Katzenstein understanding constructivist school of thought understanding on international relations. The data from the four case studies were examined, and content analysis was employed. The findings and conclusion showed that, indeed, fighting for cultural superiority between the United States and China in pursuit of settling international conflicts has affected the development of policies in Asia-Pacific. China has been using different strategies, such as forming Female Associations in Taiwan and Using China Communist Party (CCP) to bring its culture into the limelight regarding military policies. The study recommends that there is still more to explore using a constructivist school of thought in understanding the nature of international relations, especially between the United States and China.87 0