Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Real-World Data Synergy: Optimizing Clinical Trials Through Evidence Integration(King's College London, 2024-08-13) Alharrah, Abdullah; Prapopoulou, MariaBackground Integration of real-world evidence into clinical trials is an emerging approach, which attempts to increase the generalizability, credibility, and efficiency of clinical research. RWE, derived from sources such as EHRs, patient registries, and insurance claims, will provide real-world effectiveness and safety information for medical interventions. While it has a lot of potential, the best way to incorporate RWE into clinical studies remains relatively unexplored, and challenges associated with data quality, standardization, and adherence to the regulation are significant. Methods A systematic review was used to examine the current literature on the integration of Real-world evidence (RWE) in clinical trials and a stakeholder review to identify the methods, opportunities and challenges for this integration. The literature review aimed to examine studies from the past 10 years, focusing in the practical benefits in using RWE to enhance patient recruitment and site selection and evaluated the methods of integration and their challenges. Case studies from pharmaceutical industry and research institutions were analyzed to showcase the real-world applications of RWE. Results The research further identified key challenges in integrating RWE into clinical trials, such as data quality, data standardiza)on, and regulatory acceptance. It also brought out practical benefits that are related to RWE, among them improved patient recruitment, better efficiency in conducting trials, and facilitating validation and complementation of RCT findings. Case studies illustrated successful applications of RWE in several therapeutic areas, specifically on how this could be used in the design and conduct of clinical trials to enhance generalizability and applicability. Stakeholder survey highlighted the need for collaboration between stakeholders. Conclusion Real-world evidence showed positive outcome regarding patient safety and reduction of clinical trials duration and costs. Although RWE proved beneficial, challenges such as data quality, standardization, and regulatory compliance need to be addressed. Suggesting modification to current methodologies and regulatory guidance for improved patient outcomes and more informed healthcare decisions.4 0Item Restricted “Exploring the Macroeconomic Implications of CBDCs”(Brunel University, 2024-09-05) Alnughaymishi, Saleh Mohammed; Korotana, MohammedThis dissertation examines the potential macroeconomic implications of CBDC adoption, focusing on monetary policy, financial stability, and economic growth. A comprehensive literature review explores the historical evolution of money and digital currencies, analysing various CBDC models and design choices. The study delves into the potential impacts of CBDCs on monetary policy transmission mechanisms and financial stability, while also considering the technological and operational challenges associated with their implementation. The dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the UK's legislative framework concerning CBDCs, including an overview of current financial legislation, proposed regulatory changes, and the role of the Bank of England. Comparative analyses with other jurisdictions offer a broader perspective on global regulatory approaches. Empirical analysis1 and case studies of CBDC implementations provide practical insights into the real-world implications of these digital currencies. Based on these findings, the dissertation presents policy recommendations for central banks, governments, financial institutions2, and technology providers to effectively navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by CBDCs.35 0Item Restricted Efficient Removal and Recovery of Phosphate and Ammonium from Wastewater by Redox Flow Deionization Cell(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-12-16) Alkhaldi, Abdulrahman; Zhenmeng, PengWastewater stemming from both residential and industrial sources commonly contains notable quantities of ammonium (N) and phosphate (P). Elevated levels of N and P within wastewater can give rise to significant challenges for aquatic ecosystems and wildlife. Meanwhile, it is crucial to recognize that N and P are valuable resources with diverse applications. This dual role of N and P, both as potential environmental pollutants and indispensable resources, underscores the need for efficient and sustainable approaches to manage and recover these nutrients from wastewater. The initial facet of this study delves into the utilization of the redox flow deionization cell (RFDC) as a new alternative approach for the elimination of N and P from wastewater. RFDC boasts commendable attributes, including heightened energy efficiency, continuous operational capabilities, and concurrent deionization within the ion’s removal channel, coupled with ion concentration within the concentrated channel. The investigation of RFDC performance was conducted, taking into consideration the influence of wastewater concentration and applied cell voltage. This encompassed an appraisal of parameters such as the average salt removal rate, ion removal efficiency, and electrical energy consumption, including both N and P removal experiments. Additionally, the impact of coexisting ions, namely sodium cations (Na+) and chloride anions (Cl-), on N and P removal efficacy was subject to examination. The findings of this study underscore the expeditious removal of N and P within the ion’s removal channel, coinciding with the concurrent concentration of ions within the concentrated channel. Intriguingly, it emerges that N exhibits a heightened selectivity in contrast to the coexisting cation (Na+), while P exhibits considerably diminished selectivity when juxtaposed with the coexisting anion (Cl-). This observation manifests in augmented electrical energy consumption attributable to the concomitant removal of coexisting ions. Consequently, the subsequent facet of the study was embarked upon with the overarching objective of refining the removal selectivity and retrieval efficiency of P. This was actualized through the introduction of pretreated anion exchange resins into the RFDC system, representing a novel methodological innovation. Varied categories of anion resins were subjected to pretreatment and subsequently evaluated within the RFDC system. Furthermore, the study scrutinized the effects of wastewater concentration ratios pertaining to P and Cl- ions, alongside the influence of applied cell voltage on RFDC performance. An array of pivotal performance metrics was computed, encompassing P selectivity, average P removal rate, P removal efficiency, and electrical energy consumption, collectively serving to gauge the efficacy of the process. The discerned outcomes underscore the effectiveness of pretreated anion exchange resins in conjunction with RFDC as a discerning and resourceful modality for the extraction and recuperation of P. Importantly, these findings proffer compelling evidence attesting to the viability of this pioneering technology for integration within the domain of wastewater treatment.54 0