Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Gender and intersectionality: Understanding and Addressing Women's Mental Health and Mental Health Policy within the Cultural Context of Saudi Arabia(University Of Glasgow, 2024-02-06) Alghamdi, NadiaAhmed Alhamd; Melville, CraigBackground: Intersectionality concerns the interconnected nature of social categories (e.g., race, gender, age, education) and how these ‘intersect’ to produce privilege and oppression. In the current context, this helps to understand women's mental health in socially disadvantaged positions, especially how intersections among gender inequality and factors such as socioeconomic status contribute to women’s mental health inequalities and experiences. Yet this remains an under researched area. This study’s overarching aim concerns understanding Saudi Arabian women’s mental health disorders, risks, challenges, and issues. For this, it has three objectives: to review the effects of intersectionality on this group within extant quantitative literature; to identify and explore the significant interactions among variables relating to this population’s social disadvantage and mental ill-health (e.g., gender and the risk of depression); and to analyse Saudi Arabia’s current mental health policy and gender equality. This study’s more specific aims involve furthering understanding of the effects of content, context, and actors behind mental health policies and programmes on Saudi women to help address their mental health needs. It takes the form of three studies. Study 1. This systematic review investigated quantitative methods used to study the intersectionality of multiple social disadvantages in women with common mental disorders. It reviewed studies on the intersectional effects of gender with multiple social disadvantages from the PROGRESS-Plus inequity framework and examined the quantitative methods these studies employ. The most common and means of studying intersectionality in mental health studies in the included studies was statistical interaction analysis. Other methods such as multilevel modelling and mediation decomposition analysis were also used. These robust statistical methods facilitate research on intersectional effects on mental health and improve understanding of the complex intersection of gender and other social disadvantages concerning women’s risk of common mental disorders. Study 2: This study analysed the National Survey of Saudi Food and Drug Authority dataset, a nationally representative sample of individuals aged 18–88 in Saudi Arabia (3,408 participants: 1,753 males and 1,655 females). Evaluating variable risks of depression using the PHQ-2 screening questionnaire, it found significant correlations between depression risk and the variables of gender, education, family income, and employment status. Although a subsequent multivariate analysis found the only significant predictors of depression risk to be female gender and education below the bachelor level. No interaction effects were observed, implying an additive effect of gender and education on the risk of depression. Study 3: This study analysed Saudi Arabia's mental health policies and gender equality. Using Walt and Gilson's health policy analysis framework, it highlights the need to address gender inequalities in the country's mental health policies. It provides evidence-based mental health policy recommendations relating to women in Saudi Arabia about enhancing their mental health and well-being and establishing an equal health system. Conclusions: Examining women’s mental health through an intersectionality lens can help policymakers address Saudi Arabian women’s mental health issue . To reduce inequalities, advances must be made in women’s education, training, employment, socioeconomic status, access and participation, equality, and overall independence. However, this must take place within a wider targeted and tailored reform agenda (legal, policy, political, PR, cultural, religious, economic, careers, educational) within which women must actively participate. Urgent inclusive, deep, and far-reaching intersectional initiatives, adjustments, research and reforms are needed to elevate Saudi women’s circumstances, experiences, and mental health and thereby address the current issue and ultimately improve society overall.41 0Item Restricted Relationship between Oral health Profile, Service utilization and Locations: Building a Model for School Dental Services(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-08) Aqeeli, Amal; Kruger, Estie; Tennant, Marc; Alsharif, AllaAim: This research project aims to provide an update on dental caries profile of 9-to-12-year- old schoolchildren in Al- Madinah, Saudi Arabia (SA); to investigate the factors associated with dental care utilization including sociodemographic characteristics, and oral health needs; to examine regular dental visit and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioural characteristics; to assess the distribution and accessibility of primary public dental services in Al-Madinah in comparison with that in Jeddah; and to develop a geographic model for school dental services (SDS) in Al-Madinah, SA, geographic information system (GIS)-based on the distribution of child population density. Methods: Data from 1,000 schoolchildren aged 9–12 years old from a cross-sectional oral health survey in Al-Madinah, SA was obtained and analysed. Clinical, sociodemographic and behavioural data were extracted from the survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated to estimate caries prevalence and severity and their association with sociodemographic factors. A multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the factors influencing dental care use. For geographic analysis, primary public dental services locations; the location of primary public schools and the number of students in each school were mapped using GIS. Analysis of primary public dental services distribution in Al-Madinah compared to Jeddah was conducted. And building a geographic theoretical model for SDS in Al-Madinah, SA was designed. Results: Caries prevalence in primary or permanent teeth was 85.1%, with untreated caries at 76.1%. The mean dmft was 2.66 ± 2.63 while the mean DMFT was 1.43 ± 1.73. Approximately a iii quarter of all participants (23.8%), have never received dental care before while only 9.2% of the sample reported regular dental visits. Pain or trouble with teeth was the most common reason for visiting the dentist (49.4%). The multiple logistic regression model showed that children from low-income families had a reduced likelihood of receiving dental care (OR=0.571, P=0.014). Children who have caries and who reported having toothache in the past 12 months were more likely to visit the dentist (OR=1.599, P=0.028) & (OR=2.188, P>0.001). In addition, regular dental visits were associated with gender (female: OR = 1.715; p = 0.041), high family income (middle income: OR = 0.464; p = 0.024; and low income: OR = 0.517; p = 0.015), and the consumption of sugary food and drinks (almost daily: OR = 0.438; p = 0.017; and several times a week: OR = 0.511; p = 0.050). An uneven distribution of dental services was found, with services concentrated in certain districts in both cities and other districts with far fewer or no dental services. Furthermore, the future locations for SDS were studied: the areas with the higher number of schools; higher number of students; and dense child population as presented in the map suggest the future location of SDS. The total number of dentists required to work in SDS settings was 415 for the first model, and 277 for the second model. Conclusion: Dental caries persists as a public health challenge among schoolchildren in Al- Madinah, SA, with high prevalence and severity among schoolchildren. Dental care utilization is mainly driven by symptomatic dental care and regular dental visits are uncommon behaviour. Establishing SDS is suggested as a solution to this health issue in Al-Madinah and SA in general. A theoretical model was proposed for SDS with the future SDS locations and the number of dentists to hire for the services to meet the child population's oral health needs.17 0Item Restricted Visual Representation of Oral Health Inequality(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-10-01) Bin Shafi, Eman Fahad; Scambler, SashaAim And Objectives: This study aims to create and collect visual representations of oral health inequalities. It also seeks to know how dental students represent Oral health inequalities visually and what these visual representations tell us about understanding inequalities. Material And Methods: A study was conducted with students from King's College London, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences to investigate oral health inequality. The study utilized photographs provided by the students for analysis. Results: Upon analysing the images, we have come to the realization that inequality can manifest itself in several forms, including socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, and disability. The diverse set of challenges to oral health that were depicted in the images highlights the role that social determinants of health play in perpetuating inequalities. Conclusion: The findings of this study examine how socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors affect oral health inequality. It shows that expenses, accessibility, and barriers related to ethnicity, race, language, poverty, and disability impact people's choices regarding their oral health. The photographs provided by the dental students demonstrate the complex nature of this issue, offering valuable insights for researchers and policymakers.14 0