Saudi Cultural Missions Theses & Dissertations
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Item Restricted Government Legislation's Influence on Clean Energy Integration: A Legal Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities for Corporations in Saudi Arabia and the UK Clean Energy Sectors.(University of Westminster, 2025) Alsudais, Saleh; Muth, Daniela1. Introduction The study has provided a comparative study on the Legal Frameworks prevalent in Saudi Arabia and the UK considering the challenges faced by the corporations dealing with clean energy. It is by the year 2030 that the UK intends to accomplish the aim of producing “about half of its electricity using renewable energy sources, with the remaining 50% to be generated from gas” taking into account the point that it is beyond the testament of the commitment to sustainability for Saudi Arabia. As per the principles of the International Energy Agency (IEA), "Saudi’s electricity generation mix is still dominated by natural gas (58.4%) and oil (41.3%)” with around 0.3% found being “sourced from renewables, the majority of which is generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities” . The Ten Point Plan for the Green Industrial Revolution, an initiative of the UK has been illustrated in Figure 1 below for harnessing the potential of nature to absorb carbon through the establishment of new National Parks, as well as the Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, thereby founding superior biodiversity-related havens, concentrating on the 2030’s goal of safeguarding the 30% of England’s countryside. Besides, “the Climate Change Act sets legally binding targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the UK by at least 80% by 2050, from 1990 levels” , which has become the Parliament’s Act in the year 2008. 1.1. Research Purpose and Objectives The main purpose of conducting this research is to provide a comparison between the clean energy regulations of Saudi Arabia and the UK. In this context, it considers exploring the impact that Saudi Arabia's accession has on the World Trade Organization taking into account the clean energy sector, encompassing the manner, in which national legislation can be influenced by international trade commitments, thereby supporting the sector’s growth over the years. Considerably, the research objectives that have been formulated for being discussed in the study are as follows: 1. Analyse Government Legislation: Examine how government legislation influences the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom. 2. Identify Challenges and Opportunities: Identify the key legal challenges and opportunities that corporations face when complying with clean energy regulations in both regions. 3. Compare Regulatory Frameworks: Provide a comparative analysis of the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK, highlighting similarities and differences. 4. Assess Impact on Corporations: Evaluate the impact of these legislative measures on corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption. 5. Recommend Best Practices: Suggest best practices and actionable insights for policymakers and corporate stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of legal frameworks and promote sustainable corporate growth in the clean energy sector. 1.2. Research Questions The completion of the study can contribute to the addressing of the main research question as provided below: • What are the key similarities and differences between the clean energy regulatory frameworks in Saudi Arabia and the UK? For addressing the main question, the below-listed sub-questions also need to be duly addressed: • How does government legislation impact the integration of clean energy in the corporate sectors of Saudi Arabia? • What are the primary legal challenges and opportunities for corporations complying with clean energy regulations in Saudi Arabia? • How do these legislative measures affect corporate strategies and operations related to clean energy adoption in both regions? • What best practices can be recommended to policymakers and corporate stakeholders to improve legal compliance and promote a robust clean energy sector in Saudi Arabia17 0Item Restricted Grain boundary and Se diffusion investigations in CdSe-CdTe thin-film photovoltaics(University of Durham, 2024-04-17) Altamimi, Taghreed Fehaid S; Mendis, BuddhikaCadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells are a very attractive thin-film photovoltaic technology because of low-cost manufacturing and high light absorption coefficient. Electron hole pairs generated by photons absorbed in the solar cell have a finite lifetime, due to radiative or nonradiative recombination processes. One path towards increasing the efficiency of CdTe solar cells is to minimise non-radiative recombination at grain boundaries. This work aims to combine cathodoluminescence (CL) contrast (optoelectrical properties) and electron backscatter diffraction (structure properties) to investigate the effect of grain boundary misorientation on non-radiative recombination. At the range between 35°-55° misorientation angle, the CL contrast was significantly high, which indicates that those regular grain boundaries are strong non-radiative recombination centres. For coincident site lattices (CSL) such as Σ3, Σ5, Σ7 and Σ9 which have high symmetry, the CL contrast was much smaller, which means those special grain boundaries are not harmful to the device. The reduced recombination velocity was also measured, and the results shown to be consistent with the contrast measurements. Se diffusion from CdSe to CdTe by using standard and bevel cross-sections has also been investigated for two samples with different external quantum efficiency (EQE) and thicknesses (i.e. 100 and 400 nm) of the CdSe layer. The results showed that both devices have voids at the inter-diffusion layer, although for the 400 nm CdSe sample voids were more numerous. Rapid diffusion of Se along the CdTe grain boundaries led to small grains at the interface region, due to Kirkendall voids and solute pinning of the grain boundaries, which resulted in a lower EQE for the 400 nm CdSe device. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns confirmed a zinc blende cubic structure throughout the absorber layer, which suggests that the lower EQE is not due to a change in the crystal structure, as has previously been reported in the literature. The Se diffusion coefficient is calculated using scanning TEM energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The diffusion coefficient measured is 7.2×10−12 cm2/s, which is an order of magnitude smaller than the literature value.14 0Item Restricted Operational Energy, Cost and Carbon Optimisation Pathways for a Newly Constructed Off Grid City in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(University of Southampton, 2024-02-01) Alsulamy, Sager; Bahaj, Abubakr; James, PatrickSaudi Arabia has committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2060. King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC) is a newly built port city comprising residential, retail, leisure and industrial sectors. The long term aim is for the city to reach 1 million residents from its current population of 10,000. It has the potential to serve as a leading model for achieving net-zero carbon emissions. This research was aimed at investigating low-carbon pathways for KAEC to mitigate its current carbon emissions, focusing on energy supply and energy efficiency to reduce consumption and hence emissions. A combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches to assess the transition pathway towards net-zero emissions was undertaken. The top-down approach involved analysing the city's (25MW) electrical supply and (114 GWh per annum) electrical consumption profiles. The bottom-up approach involved using simulation to model the interaction of different building elements, such as HVAC systems, insulation, appliances, and occupancy to assess energy efficiency approaches needed to support the research aim. It was found that actions such as upgrading the coefficient of performance (CoP) of the HVAC system from 2.5 CoP to 5 CoP , increasing AC set temperature (by 3Co) and occupancy change behaviour were predicted to reduce the electrical consumption in buildings by 44%, 8% and 13% respectively. In the absence of a local energy benchmark, the research also developed a building energy benchmarking scheme to evaluate and rank KAEC electrical consumption in relation to other global cities with similar climates. The benchmarking results showed that there is a substantial variation in buildings electrical consumption within KAEC. That is, the city's electrical usage in buildings is notably higher than that of global cities with similar climates, despite being recently constructed. II Commercial sector buildings in the KAEC were found to be around 16% higher on average than in Dubai, Singapore, Orlando and Los Angeles. Residential and education sectors are 57% and 50% higher than the average consumption in the benchmark cities. This contrast prompted an investigation of the identified performance gap and the COVID-19 lockdown provided a natural experiment to identify the reasons for this. The results showed that the operational strategy is occupancy-independent in many sectors in the city (i.e. similar consumption to non-lockdown periods) with the exception of the education sector, where a significant reduction in electricity consumption (80%) was observed during the lockdown. In terms of carbon emissions, the main driver of carbon emissions in KAEC is use of diesel for electricity generation with 90,503 tonne per year. The research analysed a set of scenarios to replace the diesel supplied electricity and identified that a 76.3 MW PV system connected to the national grid (when this connection becomes available) with option to export electricity at (USD 1.8c/kWh) as the most economical and emissions efficient solution for replacing the current diesel generation. This scenario in addition to upgrading HVAC system from 2.5 CoP to 5 CoP , increasing AC set temperature by 3Co and occupancy change in behaviour( to achieve 10% reduction) were found to be the optimum path towards net-zero emissions in KAEC.13 0Item Restricted The Relationship between Environmental Preservation Initiatives and National Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia(Saudi Digital Library, 2023-11-23) Alhumaidi, Sarah; Chen, LouisaThis study investigates the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality represented by renewable energy development initiatives in Saudi Arabia and Sweden. While Saudi Arabia is among the world's top oil producers and consumers, Sweden is a leading force in the global transition into renewable energies. The employment of the Cobb-Douglas production function and generalised method of moments further helped us to identify input factors that determine the two countries' revenues, namely capital, labour, and energy consumption, thus enabling us to determine each factor's significance level. That said, this study found that the two variables influence each other, implying that their transition into renewable energies correlates with their GDP growth, and vice versa.9 0Item Restricted تقييم خيارات خفض انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من الطاقة الكهربائية المستهلكة بالقطاع السكني في المملكة العربية السعودية: دراسة حالة منطقة القصيم(Saudi Digital Library, 2021) Alharbi, Maryam Mohsen Johim; Alsabbagh, Maha Mahmoodيستهلك القطاع السكني النسبة الأكبر من إجمالي الطاقة الكهربائية المنتجة بمنطقة القصيم والتي تعتمد في إنتاجها على الوقود الأحفوري. تهدف الدراسة إلى تقييم مدى فاعلية مجموعة من الخيارات المتاحة في خفض الطلب النهائي على الطاقة الكهربائية من القطاع السكني بالقصيم وما يتبع ذلك من انبعاثات لغازات الدفيئة. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم استخدام برنامج تحليل الانبعاثات المنخفضة (LEAP) لإعداد السيناريو المرجعي وسيناريوهات التخفيف المختلفة خلال الفترة 2018 – 2030 وذلك بالاعتماد على نتائج مسح الطاقة المنزلي. وتم دراسة مدى فاعلية خيارات تحسين كفاءة أجهزة التكييف، وتركيب الألواح الشمسية بالمساكن، واستخدام سخانات المياه الشمسية، ورفع الوعي لدى الأسر في خفض الطلب النهائي على الطاقة الكهربائية وذلك بصورة سيناريوهات منفردة ومجتمعة. توضح نتائج الدراسة أنه، وبحسب نتائج مسح الطاقة المنزلي، فإن الطلب النهائي على الطاقة الكهربائية سيواصل الارتفاع ليبلغ نحو 12.4 ألف جيجاوات ساعة في عام 2030، في حين ستصل انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون إلى 7.4 مليون طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون. وتوضح نتائج النمذجة الاحتمالية أن الطلب النهائي على الطاقة الكهربائية من القطاع السكني في القصيم سيتراوح ما بين 6.5 و19.5 ألف جيجاوات ساعة وذلك بنسبة ثقة تبلغ 90%، في حين أن الحد الأدنى للطلب هو 4.8 والحد الأعلى هو 32.8 ألف جيجاوات ساعة في عام 2030 وذلك بالاعتماد على نتائج مسح الطاقة المنزلي. كما تشير النتائج إلى أن خيار استبدال جميع أجهزة التكييف الشباك والمنفصلة بأجهزة تكييف منفصلة ذات كفاءة استهلاك عالية للطاقة هو الأكثر فعالية في خفض الطلب على الطاقة الكهربائية وذلك بنحو 24 ألف جيجاوات ساعة، بالإضافة إلى خفض الانبعاثات بنحو 14 مليون طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون، أي ما نسبته 14.6% مقارنة بالسيناريو المرجعي. ويمكن تحقيق خفض تراكمي أعلى في الطلب النهائي على الطاقة الكهربائية والانبعاثات وذلك بنسبة 19% عند تطبيق هذه الخيارات بصورة مجتمعة وذلك بما يصل إلى 31 ألف جيجاوات ساعة و19 مليون طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون خلال الفترة 2022-2030 مقارنة بالسيناريو المرجعي. توصي الدراسة بتقييم جدوى تطبيق خيارات التخفيف وتحديد الخيارات المتاحة لنماذج التمويل المقترحة. كما توصي أيضاً بجمع المزيد من المعلومات المتعلقة بنمط استهلاك الطاقة الكهربائية في القطاع السكني وذلك لضمان الإفادة من نتائج مسح الطاقة المنزلي في تقييم السياسات المتعلقة بالطاقة وتغير المناخ في القطاع السكني.186 0