Approaches and Hurdles in Timely Identification of Oral Cancer: A Scope Review

Abstract

Aim and Objectives: The scoping review seeks to identify barriers and challenges in timely diagnosing oral cancer and the advanced diagnostic methodologies available, as well as strategies for improving early diagnosis and patient outcomes. It has the following objectives: looking at patient and healthcare provider factors that cause delays, evaluating screening programs and technological advancements, and proposing strategies for enhancing early diagnosis of oral cancer. Research Methods: Databases searched included ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines. Articles focused on early detection of oral cancer, diagnostic delay, and new diagnostic techniques were included up to July 2024. Information such as the article's title, authors, publication date, type of study, and sample size was documented along with relevant data extraction. Results: A total of 26 articles met the study eligibility criteria, addressing patient- related factors (low awareness, sociocultural factors, psychological factors), healthcare provider-related factors (inadequate training, infrequent oral examinations, delayed referrals), and systemic factors (limited access to specialised care, healthcare referral variations). Additionally, new diagnostic tools such as salivary biomarkers and molecular markers were evaluated for their capacity to enhance early detection. Discussion and Conclusion: The review highlighted several key findings: 1. Implementing patient education and public awareness campaigns is essential to increase the rate of early detection. 2. Routine oral examinations and healthcare provider training are indispensable for the early detection of oral cancer. 3. Integrating advanced diagnostic technologies holds promise for being practical and cost-effective; however, additional clinical trials and consensus guidelines are necessary to confirm these findings. Enhancing early identification and outcomes of oral cancer demands a multipart strategy in which targeted public health campaigns, general population enlightenment, and the development of technological novelties play a crucial role. The active participation of public health policymakers gives confidence in the change.