US sanctions impact on global cooperation between countries, and how do intergovernmental institutions work to mitigate these effects

Abstract

Abstract This dissertation explores the complexities of the impact of U.S. sanctions on global cooperation. It addresses the question, "How do U.S. sanctions affect global cooperation between countries, and how do intergovernmental institutions work to mitigate these effects?" The study challenges the mediating influence of intergovernmental organisations (IGOS) in this process.

Moving beyond a basic evaluation of coercive capacity, it employs both Realist and Constructivist theories of international relations to analyse how sanctions reshape international alignments and influence the formation of state identity. Using a mixed-methods approach, the dissertation integrates in-depth analysis and case studies of India and Iran. The analysis reveals a complex interaction between economic dislocation, diplomatic restructuring, and institutional adaptation.

This dissertation makes an original contribution to the study of sanctions and global cooperation by shifting the focus from the traditional emphasis on U.S. policy and the economic effectiveness of sanctions. Instead, it centres on how sanctioned states and their allies adapt, resist, and form new alliances in response to external pressures. Unlike much of the existing literature, which often perceives cooperation as mere alignment with U.S.-led initiatives or measures the success of sanctions solely based on economic disruption, this research systematically examines the diplomatic, strategic, and institutional adaptations among sanctioned states and those affected by sanctions, such as Iran and India.

The evidence demonstrates that while sanctions certainly restrict trade and hinder economic growth in targeted states, they can also foster other forms of cooperation, as seen in the strengthened ties among BRICS countries and the development of techniques to evade sanctions. Most importantly, the analysis reveals the significant challenges that intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) face in managing these conflicting dynamics. The mandates for collective security that they are given often clash with the need to respect the sovereignty of member states.

Ultimately, the study concludes that, despite their intended foreign policy objectives, U.S. sanctions tend to weaken the foundations of global cooperation and diminish the effectiveness of international institutions. This highlights the necessity for a more cautious and systematic approach in the use of these tools of statecraft.