The efficacies of cinnamon components in ameliorating T2DM through the inhibition of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase enzyme

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients often diagnosed with insulin resistance which would affect blood glucose levels resulting in hyperglycemia this is possibly linked to risk factors including genetics, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Since Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) enzyme controls fatty acid metabolism pathway, its inhibition would be the therapeutic target in suppressing fatty acid synthesis and stimulating fatty acid oxidation. This would reduce plasma free fatty acids, being lipotoxic to beta-cells, hence would lead to increase insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients, considering that insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion are the basis of T2DM. This research aims to determine the therapeutic effect of cinnamon components on T2DM patients by lowering blood glucose and lipid profile levels, through evaluating their inhibitory effect on ACC enzyme and consequently on the rate of fatty acid synthesis. Cinnamon components showed considerable activities against ACC in-vitro assay where 2mg/ml of cinnamaldehyde, HOME, eugenol and cinnamon oil showed great inhibitory effects against ACC1 at IC50-values of 0.32, 0.38, 0.55 and 0.70mg/ml, respectively. Consequently, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and coumaric acid showed significant inhibitory effect on fatty acids synthesis in lactating rat mammary gland cells by 96.6%, 96.3% and 92.72%, respectively. Upon reviewing various studies evaluating the pharmacological activity of different cinnamon components by examining cinnamon effectiveness on FBG, HbA1c, and lipid profile levels of T2DM patients and animal models, resulting in considerable improvements in the parameters observed after cinnamon-intake versus placebo samples. Cinnamon therefore found to possess significant therapeutic activities towards lowering hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic levels in T2DM patients.