Secondary Physical Complications Due to Prosthetic Use in Lower Limb Amputees: A Literature Review

Abstract

Abstract: Study Design: This paper is a literature review. Background: After lower limb amputation, use of a prosthetic device is essential to optimise the level of function and independence. Nevertheless, using prosthetics in the long term may be associated with the development of certain physical issues. Objectives: This paper sought to identify the main secondary musculoskeletal conditions that may develop in lower limb amputee prosthetic users in the long term. Methods: Three databases were searched using identified search terms within limits and inclusion criteria. Results were finalised using an audit trial, followed by critical analysis of the evidence using a well-established critical appraisal tool. Results: Eleven studies were selected, which were criticised and analysed into four categories: back pain, degenerative changes, osteoporosis, and osteopenia and prosthetics. Conclusion: The review showed that low back pain, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are the most common conditions associated with long-term prosthetic usage. However, prosthetics do not affect the physical condition of amputees directly; multiple contributing factors include poor socket or prosthetic fit, abnormal gait pattern and body malalignment. This paper provides an overview to rehabilitation field about possible issues that can affect amputees, as well as helping to create preventative methods based on the associated factors.