A Study on the Perceptions of Criminology and Criminal Justice Students in Scottish Universities Regarding Using Artificial Intelligence (Al) in the Criminal Justice System (CJS).

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly influences criminal justice systems (CJSs), offering efficiency, speed, and innovative decision-making opportunities. However, it also raises critical ethical, social, and technical challenges, particularly regarding bias, transparency, accountability, and the preservation of human judgment. Despite growing literature on AI and justice, limited research has examined the perspectives of future practitioners. This study addresses that gap by exploring the understandings, perceptions, and readiness of postgraduate criminology and criminal justice students in Scottish universities toward AI integration in CJSs. The research draws on semi-structured student interviews by adopting a qualitative grounded theory approach. Data were analysed using systematic coding procedures, including open, axial, and selective coding, to identify categories and construct a theoretical storyline. The findings reveal a dual perception of AI: it is seen simultaneously as a tool for institutional efficiency and a threat to human justice. Key concerns centred on algorithmic bias, privacy violations, and the erosion of empathy, while perceived benefits included enhanced efficiency, reduced institutional burdens, and novel analytical insights. Students’ knowledge was primarily shaped by fragmented sources, such as media and limited academic exposure, amplifying fascination and mistrust. Overall, students expressed conditional readiness to engage with AI, accepting it only as a supportive assistant while emphasising the need for training, safeguards, and human oversight. The study concludes that successful integration of AI in criminal justice requires technological advancement, transparent, ethical practices, and educational reforms that reinforce trust and safeguard the human dimension of justice.