An investigation into prevalence reasons consequences and interventions in relation to alcohol consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Background: Alcohol use poses complex public health challenges worldwide, although prevalence and patterns vary across cultural contexts. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), alcohol consumption is prohibited under Islamic Sharia law and is stigmatised socially, yet evidence indicates rising usage rates, particularly among youths. Aims and Objectives: This systematic review synthesised current findings regarding the prevalence of alcohol use in the KSA. It examined reasons, consequences, and interventions around alcohol use and aimed to integrate results from recent studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of this issue. Methodology: This study utilised a systematic review approach. The researcher searched for literature within the last 10 years on the following databases: Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Control Register of Trials, Google Scholar, BMC, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies were included. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Data extraction and thematic analysis were utilised to synthesise and analyse findings. Results: The review found evidence of increasing but underreported alcohol use in the KSA, with prevalence being highest among young adult males. Key themes identified included physical, mental, social, and academic consequences of alcohol use; the influence of familial, peer, emotional, and structural factors on use; issues relating to prohibition policies and their unintended consequences; and the need to address stigma and enhance screening and evidence-based treatment. The study categorised themes into five main categories: prevalence of alcohol use in the KSA, alcohol prohibition in the KSA, interventions and solutions regarding alcohol use, risk factors and reasons for alcohol use, and impacts of alcohol use in the KSA. Discussion and Implications: The review highlighted crucial information gaps around the prevalence of alcohol use in the KSA that require further investigation. Cultural stigma poses major barriers to prevention and treatment. Findings suggested the need for public messaging to increase awareness, capacity building 8 for screening and early intervention, training to reduce provider stigma, and improving access to culturally informed treatment services. A pragmatic, public health approach grounded in empathy and scientific evidence is required. Conclusion: This review contributed insights into the landscape of alcohol use in the KSA, while acknowledging limitations related to the small number of included studies. Further research is critical, but current evidence indicates a specific need for a multifaceted response spanning systemic, community and individual levels to mitigate the harms of problematic alcohol use in the Saudi population.