Greywater Characterisation from Wudu for Potential Reuse: An Experimental Approach

Abstract

Regions like Saudi Arabia, grappling with acute water scarcity, are compelled to identify and harness alternative water resources. One potential, yet often unnoticed source is the greywater generated from Wudu, an essential religious ablution ritual practiced by Muslims. Unlike other sources of greywater, such as from dishwashing or laundry, Wudu greywater is hypothesized to possess superior quality due to the absence of pollutants like soaps and food particles. This research delves into quantifying the volume of Wudu greywater generated during the ritual. Beyond quantification, the study thoroughly evaluates the physical, chemical, and microbial profile of this specific greywater type to ascertain its potential reuse, especially in applications like irrigation. Such an approach could not only ease the burden on freshwater sources but also offer a reprieve to overloaded wastewater treatment facilities. Preliminary findings are striking: For instance, the city of Najran in Saudi Arabia annually consumes an estimated 2 billion litres of water solely for Wudu rituals conducted in mosques. This figure grows substantially when including Wudu performed in domestic settings. While physical and chemical attributes of Wudu greywater, such as pH, EC and total dissolved solids, indicate its suitability for certain reuse applications, challenges persist. Parameters like variable microbial content in UK necessitate specific treatment methods tailored for this water source. Slow Sand Filters (SSFs), recognized for their effectiveness and sustainability, emerge as a promising solution as well as short retention time (SRT) and subsurface irrigation. In summary, this research underscores the potential of Wudu greywater as a tangible resource. By thoughtfully managing and treating this water, there is a unique opportunity for religious institutions to seamlessly blend spiritual practices with environmental stewardship, setting a model for water conservation strategies worldwide.