دراسات على بعض الخصائص المورفولوجية والتشريحية لنوعين من النباتات الجفافية في المملكة العربية السعودية
Date
1445
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
جامعة جازان
Abstract
يعد كل من نبات الحرمل Rhazya stricta (الفصيلة الدفلية Apocynaceae) ونبات الأراك Salvadora persica (الفصيلة الأراكية Salvadoraceae) من النباتات الجفافية، المعمرة، دائمة الخضرة، والتي تنمو بصورة طبيعية في المملكة العربية السعودية. تمت دراسة نبات الحرمل في منطقة الرياض (بيئة كثبان رملية داخلية- بعيدة عن الساحل)، ونبات الأراك في منطقة جازان (بيئة كثبان رملية ساحلية)، تعتبر هذه البيئات ذات إجهادات عديدة، أهمها الجفاف وشدة الاشعاع الشمسي والحرارة العالية والغمر بالرمال. يتصف النوعين بالعديد من الخصائص المظهرية والتشريحية التي تمكنها من العيش والانتشار -بإذن الله- في بيئاتها على الرغم من وطأة الظروف المحيطة بها، وقد ركزت الدراسة الحالية على بعض هذه الخصائص. نسبة مساحة السطح إلى الحجم (S/V) في أوراق الأراك أكبر منها في أوراق الحرمل، مما يعني امتلاكها مساحات أسطح أكبر للبناء الضوئي والنتح، وسعة تخزينية داخلية أقل. يقابلها امتدادات عميقة للجذور تمد المجموع الخضري بالماء المتوفر في أعماق التربة؛ وهذا يفسر دوام خضرته وكثافة فروعه واستمرار نشاطه في تكوينه للأكمات الرملية. بينما S/V في أوراق الحرمل كانت أقل، مما يعني مساحات أسطح للبناء الضوئي والنتح أقل، يقابلها سعة تخزينية داخلية أكبر. إلا أن هذه المساحات تعد كبيرة وكافية لعزيز عملية البناء الضوئي. الطبقة الحدية في أوراق نبات الأراك كانت أسمك، مما يعوض زيادة S/V ويقلل من تبخر الماء، بينما في أوراق الحرمل كانت أرق والذي يتناسب مع انخفاض S/V (مقارنة بأوراق الأراك) مما يدل على تبخر أكثر للماء (لكن بوجود حيّز تخزين أكبر كذلك)، وتبادل غازي أكبر. الخصائص التشريحية للأوراق في كلا النوعين كانت متشابهة إجمالاً. يتركب النسيج الوسطي لأوراق نبات الحرمل من خلايا عمادية بالكامل، بينما النسيج الوسطي لأوراق الأراك يتكون من طبقتين من النسيج العمادي يتوسطهما النسيج الأسفنجي، والذي يتكون من خلايا برنشيمية خازنة للماء تمد النسيج العمادي بالماء بشكل مستمر، مما يتلاءم مع الخصائص المظهرية ونمط الظروف المناخية السائد. التركيب التشريحي للجذور كان متشابهاً إجمالاً في كلا النوعين، مع اختلاف في عدد أوعية الخشب (ترددها)، ومتوسط أقطارها. هذه الاختلافات أدت إلى تباين في قيم العَطَب Vulnerability index، حيث كانت أقل في خشب جذور الحرمل، وأعلى في خشب جذور الأراك، وكان ذلك يتناسب مع خصائص بيئة كل نوع ونمط تربتها وكمية الأمطار الموسمية، ومدى الامتداد الجذري. كلا النوعين أظهرا وجوداً للنقر المحجبة؛ مما يعزز من سلامة نقل الماء عبرها إلى المجموع الخضري.
وهكذا فإن الخصائص المظهرية والتشريحية في النوعين تكيفت بشكل يتلاءم مع ظروف بيئات النوعين؛ مما مكّن هذه النباتات الجفافية -بتقدير الخالق عز وجل- من الانتشار في مواطن متباينة في ظروف بيئاتها.
Rhazya stricta (Apocynaceae) and Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) are xerophytes, perennial, and evergreen plants that grow naturally in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Rhazya stricta was studied in the Riyadh region (inland sand dune environment), and Salvadora persica was studied in the Jazan region (coastal sand dunes environment). These environments are characterized by many stresses, the most important of which are drought, intensity of solar radiation, high temperature, and sand accretion. Both species are characterized by many morphological and anatomical characteristics that enable them to live and spread in their environments despite the harsh conditions surrounding them. The current study aims to study some of these characteristics. The surface area-to-volume ratio (S/V) of Salvadora persica leaves is higher than that of Rhazya stricta leaves. This means that Salvadora persica leaves have larger surface areas for photosynthesis and transpiration and a lower internal storage capacity. This is complemented by deep root extensions that provide the vegetation parts with water from deep within the soil. This explains the plant's enduring greenery, dense branches, and continuous contribution to the formation of phytogenic hillocks. in contrast, S/V of Rhazya stricta leaves is lower, which means smaller surface areas for photosynthesis and transpiration, but with a larger internal storage capacity. Despite this, these surface areas are still sufficient to support photosynthesis effectively. The boundary layer in Salvadora persica leaves was thicker, compensating for the increased S/V and reducing water loss through transpiration. In contrast, Rhazya stricta leaves have a thinner boundary layer, consistent with their lower S/V (compared to Salvadora persica leaves). This indicates higher water loss (but also a larger storage capacity) and greater gas exchange. The anatomical features of leaves in both species exhibited overall similarities. The mesophyll of Rhazya stricta leaves was composed entirely of palisade parenchyma cells, while the mesophyll of Salvadora persica leaves consisted of two palisade parenchyma layers separated by spongy parenchyma. The spongy parenchyma was composed of water-storing parenchyma cells that continuously supplied water to the palisade parenchyma, which is consistent with the morphological characteristics and the prevailing pattern of climatic conditions. The anatomical structure of roots exhibited overall similarities in both species, with notable differences in xylem vessel number (frequency) and average diameter. These anatomical variations resulted in contrasting Vulnerability index values, with lower values for Rhazya stricta root xylem and higher values for Salvadora persica root xylem. These differences corresponded to the unique environmental characteristics, soil type, seasonal rainfall patterns, and root extension of each species. Both species exhibited the presence of vestured pits, which enhanced the integrity of water transport to the vegetative parts. Thus, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of both species exhibited adaptations to suit the conditions of their respective environments, these adaptations enabled these xerophytes to thrive in diverse habitats with varying environmental conditions.
Rhazya stricta (Apocynaceae) and Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) are xerophytes, perennial, and evergreen plants that grow naturally in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Rhazya stricta was studied in the Riyadh region (inland sand dune environment), and Salvadora persica was studied in the Jazan region (coastal sand dunes environment). These environments are characterized by many stresses, the most important of which are drought, intensity of solar radiation, high temperature, and sand accretion. Both species are characterized by many morphological and anatomical characteristics that enable them to live and spread in their environments despite the harsh conditions surrounding them. The current study aims to study some of these characteristics. The surface area-to-volume ratio (S/V) of Salvadora persica leaves is higher than that of Rhazya stricta leaves. This means that Salvadora persica leaves have larger surface areas for photosynthesis and transpiration and a lower internal storage capacity. This is complemented by deep root extensions that provide the vegetation parts with water from deep within the soil. This explains the plant's enduring greenery, dense branches, and continuous contribution to the formation of phytogenic hillocks. in contrast, S/V of Rhazya stricta leaves is lower, which means smaller surface areas for photosynthesis and transpiration, but with a larger internal storage capacity. Despite this, these surface areas are still sufficient to support photosynthesis effectively. The boundary layer in Salvadora persica leaves was thicker, compensating for the increased S/V and reducing water loss through transpiration. In contrast, Rhazya stricta leaves have a thinner boundary layer, consistent with their lower S/V (compared to Salvadora persica leaves). This indicates higher water loss (but also a larger storage capacity) and greater gas exchange. The anatomical features of leaves in both species exhibited overall similarities. The mesophyll of Rhazya stricta leaves was composed entirely of palisade parenchyma cells, while the mesophyll of Salvadora persica leaves consisted of two palisade parenchyma layers separated by spongy parenchyma. The spongy parenchyma was composed of water-storing parenchyma cells that continuously supplied water to the palisade parenchyma, which is consistent with the morphological characteristics and the prevailing pattern of climatic conditions. The anatomical structure of roots exhibited overall similarities in both species, with notable differences in xylem vessel number (frequency) and average diameter. These anatomical variations resulted in contrasting Vulnerability index values, with lower values for Rhazya stricta root xylem and higher values for Salvadora persica root xylem. These differences corresponded to the unique environmental characteristics, soil type, seasonal rainfall patterns, and root extension of each species. Both species exhibited the presence of vestured pits, which enhanced the integrity of water transport to the vegetative parts. Thus, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of both species exhibited adaptations to suit the conditions of their respective environments, these adaptations enabled these xerophytes to thrive in diverse habitats with varying environmental conditions.
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