3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Temporomandibular Joint: Focus on Anatomical Precision

Abstract

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) significantly affect jaw function, leading to pain and compromised quality of life. Existing treatments, ranging from non-invasive therapies to surgical interventions, often fail to provide lasting solutions due to the complex anatomy and biomechanics of the TMJ. Aims: This study aims to develop anatomically precise 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for TMJ tissue engineering, addressing current treatment limitations by providing a tailored approach that enhances the accuracy of fit and promotes tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods: The TMJ discs were prepared and scanned using structured-light 3D scanning technology to capture detailed anatomical features. PCL scaffolds were then fabricated using 3D printing techniques. Gross morphometrics measurements and statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of the printed scaffolds. Additionally, tissue culture experiments were performed to assess cell attachment and proliferation on the PCL scaffolds. Results: The structured-light 3D scanning provided high-resolution models of the TMJ discs, which were successfully used to produce precise PCL scaffolds. The morphometric analysis demonstrated that the scaffolds closely replicated the native disc's dimensions. Statistical analysis confirmed the reproducibility of the 3D printing process. Tissue culture experiments indicated zero cell attachment and growth on the PCL scaffolds, suggesting that significant modifications are needed to enhance their potential for supporting tissue regeneration. These findings highlight the necessity for further refinement in using 3D-printed scaffolds Conclusion: The study highlights the feasibility of using 3D-printed PCL scaffolds for TMJ tissue engineering. The anatomical precision achieved through structured-light 3D scanning and advanced printing techniques represents a significant advancement in developing personalized treatments for TMDs. Future research should focus on validating the clinical applicability of these scaffolds.