A Study of Perspectives of Patients and Stakeholders regarding the Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality of Data collected via mHealth apps in Saudi Arabia: A Mixed Method Analysis

Abstract

Mobile health (mHealth) apps have the potential to enhance healthcare service delivery but the adoption could be shaped by users’ awareness and concerns regarding patients’ data privacy, and security. This thesis aims to achieve the following research objectives; (1) to systematically assess patients’ perspectives and awareness level of data privacy, confidentiality, and security of mHealth apps, (2) to explore patients, healthcare workers and stakeholders’ perspectives regarding these issues, (3) to develop a model for predicting the influencing factors by combining the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the PSC concept, and (4) propose initiatives to enhance the adoption of mHealth apps among patients. The research objectives were executed by systematically analysing 33 relevant articles on the research problems using a mixed-method study design comprising quantitative and qualitative phases. A cross-sectional survey instrument was piloted, validated and administered online to patients and end users (n = 600) of mHealth apps from various provinces in Saudi Arabia. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and linear regression models. With a response rate of 90% (n = 567/600), most patients were aware about mHealth apps but moderate to high level of concerns were raised regarding data privacy and security. These concerns were significantly higher among female patients, those with higher educational qualifications, and younger age groups. Qualitative exploration among 25 stakeholders of mHealth apps revealed that patients needed to be more informed regarding data privacy and security than healthcare workers. Facilitators of mHealth apps include patient education, advanced security features, user-friendly features, online consultation for emergencies, remote monitoring features, and considering patients’ needs. In conclusion, patients’ socio-demographic factors and data security and privacy concerns influence their behavioural intention to use mHealth apps. Educating users on these issues, as well as targeting the younger population, may also be considered. The present findings will contribute to policymaking by informing the development of data security standards in mHealth apps, addressing user concerns, and enhancing adoption. It offers insights into socio-demographic factors influencing behavioural intention, guiding targeted awareness campaigns and educational initiatives. Additionally, the findings support the creation of user-centric features and advanced security measures, aligning with the goals of Vision 2030. This ensures that policymakers can implement evidence-based strategies to improve patient trust and the effective integration of mHealth technologies into Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system.