Orthodontic Treatment and Psychosocial Well-being in Young People: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background: Adolescence and young adulthood (10–24 years) are critical periods of identity formation, during which dental appearance can significantly affect self-esteem, emotional well- being, and social functioning. While orthodontic treatment is often pursued for functional or aesthetic reasons, emerging evidence suggests potential mental health benefits. Aim: This scoping review explored the association between orthodontic treatment and psychosocial outcomes in young people, including self-esteem, emotional well-being, and social functioning. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across three databases, following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Empirical studies in English examining the psychosocial effects of orthodontic treatment in individuals aged 10–24 were included. Fourteen studies (cross-sectional, longitudinal, and one interventional) met the criteria. Results: The included studies reported improvements in self-esteem, emotional well-being, and social functioning, often measured with validated tools such as the PIDAQ, CPQ, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Qualitative findings further highlighted perceived gains in confidence and social acceptance. Nonetheless, some studies reported mixed or null effects, suggesting variability depending on individual factors such as baseline self-perception, treatment expectations, or exposure to bullying. Overall, the evidence indicates that orthodontic treatment may provide meaningful psychosocial benefits, though these are not uniformly experienced. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment may offer psychosocial benefits for young people, though the evidence base is methodologically fragmented. Future research should use standardised, theory-informed tools and longer follow-ups. Clinicians should incorporate psychosocial considerations into adolescent-centered care.