Exploring Factors Contributing to Parental Vaccine Hesitancy (VH) Towards Childhood Immunisation for Children Aged Birth to Six Years: A Structured Literature Review.

Abstract

Aims: This structured literature review (SLR) aims to explore the factors contributing to parental vaccine hesitancy (VH) towards childhood immunisation, focusing on children from birth to six years old. This research seeks to assist public health policymakers in designing interventions to enhance vaccination coverage and improve public health outcomes. Background: Childhood vaccination is one of the most effective public health measures for preventing disease and death; however, increasing VH globally threatens herd immunity and the control of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). The World Health Organisation identifies VH as one of the top global health threats, with misinformation, cultural beliefs and distrust of medical authorities as key drivers. Methods: An SLR was conducted to analyse existing qualitative studies on the determinants of VH. Databases such as MEDLINE, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched using pre- defined keywords related to VH, parental attitudes and childhood immunisations. Four qualitative studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and the data were synthesised using thematic analysis. Findings: The findings revealed five primary themes: safety concerns and fear of side effects, preference for natural immunity, distrust of vaccines and health authorities, perceived lack of necessity for vaccination and lack of access to information. The results indicate that parental VH is driven by a combination of misinformation, personal beliefs and a lack of trust in the healthcare system. Conclusion: Addressing VH requires targeted communication strategies that address safety concerns, improve trust in vaccines and provide clear, evidence-based information. By understanding the complex factors behind parental VH, this research contributes to public health strategies aimed at increasing vaccine acceptance and maintaining high levels of immunisation coverage to prevent outbreaks of VPDs.