Developing a Model of Crowd Management based on Group Behaviour Theory; The Case of The Hajj from an Architecture and Urban Design Perspective

Abstract

This thesis examines the complexities of the Hajj, the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, undertaken by millions of Muslims annually. As a large-scale religious event, the Hajj stands out for its massive, organized movement of people, all following specific sequences in time and geography. At its core, this study provides a comprehensive analysis by examining the perspectives of both pilgrims and event organisers. It also contributes to the understanding of crowd behaviour in a unique context. This dual focus offers a holistic understanding of the crowd dynamics involved. The research fills key gaps in the literature by investigating factors that shape pilgrims' experiences, such as cultural practices, language barriers, and inequalities, all of which are examined in depth. It further analyses how sociocultural and environmental factors influence pilgrim behaviour, exploring the interplay of prior knowledge, exposure, experience, and traveling companions in shaping these experiences. Grounded in an interpretivist philosophical approach, the study recognizes that meaning and experience are co-constructed by participants. To capture these insights, the research employs a qualitative methodology, including a careful thematic analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews with both pilgrims and organisers. Furthermore, the study engages with contemporary key theories of social behaviour, including social identity theory, nudge theory, and gaze theory, to explain why individuals behave in specific ways and how these behaviours can be guided toward socially beneficial outcomes. Eight factors influencing crowd behaviour at large-scale events like the Hajj are identified, categorized into pilgrim-related and external factors. The pilgrim-related factors include: 1) cultural differences, 2) verbal and non-verbal communication and literacy, 3) prior knowledge, exposure, and experience, 4) socio-economic class, and 5) gender. External factors encompass: 1) group travel dynamics, 2) security and scheduling, and 3) environmental conditions such as weather. While some of these factors may appear in other large-scale events, they manifest uniquely within the context of the Hajj, contributing to a deeper understanding of crowd behaviour in mega-events.