Catalytic Conversion of Renewable Feedstocks into 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Abstract

To achieve the purpose of creating a more sustainable and environmentally friendly community, researchers have been developing chemicals from green sources such as biomass. 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a platform chemical with numerous potential derivatives, is increasingly of interest to researchers due to its chemical properties. FDCA can be used to synthesize a promising green polymer called polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate (PEF), which is a substitute for a petroleum-based chemical, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This investigation includes recent advances in different synthetic routes for FDCA from biomass, biomass-derived sugar (i.e., one-pot process), and from an intermediate known as 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF). This thesis presents a systematic review of the latest advances in developing this platform chemical, especially with regards to the use of HMF as the dominant intermediate. Different approaches of HMF conversion to FDCA have been covered, including biocatalytic, electrochemical, and chemical catalytic conversion. Among these routes, the chemical catalysis of HMF to FDCA has been found to be the most promising approach since it provided the highest FDCA yield with stable performance. To further comprehend the intricacies of HMF conversion, the mechanisms used in different reactions are presented and thoroughly explored. Finally, this thesis presents the conclusions of recent research and the current perspectives in the production of FDCA in a cost-effective and green method.