3D Printing Application into Education; 3D Printed Hand Models for Teaching Extensor Anatomy, Boutonniere, and Swan Neck Deformities.

Abstract

Abstract Background: Many social, legal, and religious controversies are challenging the practice of human dissection for anatomy education. These challenges are necessitating the production of an educational tool which is safe, easy to handle, and cost-effective. This study aimed to produce 3D printed models demonstrating the anatomy of the extensor mechanism, boutonniere, and swan neck deformities for educational purposes. Materials and methods: A total of 4 fresh frozen hand specimens, obtained according to the human tissue act 1984, were dissected to expose the extensor tendons. The boutonniere and swan neck deformities were created on the medial two digits. One hand specimen was scanned then digitally edited. After that, the digital file was 3D printed using two different printers and printing filaments. Finally, the models were painted, colour-coded, and tested using a Likert scale survey. Results: The 3D printed models were found to be useful educational tools (86.6%), which provided a better learning experience than 2D pictures according to 14 (93.3%) responses. The 3D printed models helped the participants to have a better understanding of the extensor anatomy, boutonniere, and swan neck deformities (93.3%). The understanding of the deformities was found to be related to the level of agreement on supporting the 3D models as an adjunctive tool to dissection P<0.004. PLA was found to provide light-weighted and smooth surface models. ABS can provide models with high-durability if appropriately treated. The PLA model (53.3%) was slightly preferred over the ABS model (46.7%). Both models showed high accuracy in presenting the normal and pathological extensor mechanisms (73.3%). Conclusion: The 3D printed models were found to be useful educational tools, which provide a better learning experience than 2D pictures. Statistically, the more understanding of the deformities by using the 3D models, the more agreement that 3D models can support human dissection in teaching.