Energy Transition at Airports

Abstract

This study examines the techno-economic feasibility of replacing diesel airport buses with hydrogen, battery-electric (BEB), and retrofitted diesel-to-electric technologies. Using a total cost of ownership (TCO) model validated through industry research and stakeholder interviews, the analysis considered capital, operating, maintenance, and infrastructure costs over a 15-year project life for a mid-sized European airport. Key findings show that diesel remains the lowest capital cost option but has the highest lifetime operating costs, with a TCO of €3.71/km. At a 50% government subsidy, retrofitted diesel-to-electric buses deliver the lowest overall TCO at €3.20/km, while new BEBs achieve €3.35/km. Hydrogen buses, at €3.99/km, offer operational advantages in range and refuelling time but are the most expensive due to high vehicle and infrastructure costs and subsidies limited to buses. Sensitivity analysis highlights the critical role of government support, utilisation rate, and infrastructure readiness in making zero-emission buses competitive. Recommendations include adopting common charging standards, integrating renewable energy, exploring second-life battery applications, leveraging public– private partnerships and green bonds, and enhancing collaboration among airports, operators, and energy providers. Further research should focus on detailed airport load profiling, battery degradation modelling, and real-world retrofit performance data. Through targeted investment, operational coordination, and supportive policy frameworks, airports can accelerate the decarbonisation of ground transport and align with net zero targets.