Analysis of Nationals Legislation Limiting/Allowing Collection of Bathymetric Data from Uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs) in Coastal and Offshore Areas

Abstract

Lack of governing rules for vessels is a problem that can arise when operating USVs. While there is no clear definition for developing and operating autonomous vessels within the existing safety and security regulatory framework (Nzengu et al., 2021). According to Helmer (2021), when creating regulations, for vessels it is crucial to take into account their level of autonomy and where they will be operating. The analysis approach was designed based on defining and interpreting the requirements and exemptions for each vessel class in the code and thus determining and analysing the operational capabilities for each category of vessel in each area to give a comprehensive idea of compliance with its operation according to each vessel category and its operating area, based on the Australian Code of Practice that derives from the Marine Safety National Law Act 2012 and the National Standard for Commercial Vessels, Part B, and thus identifying and analysing the strengths, opportunities, and gaps associated with the Code. The Code divides the AROVs into three categories, along with their requirements and exceptions. By analysing the results, it was determined that vessels that are 5 m in length and have a maximum speed of 5 knots can operate within coastal areas (E, D) specified area C. On the other hand, vessels under 12m with a speed of 10 knots as well as vessels that are more or less 12m long have the flexibility to operate in any maritime area but must meet certain design, construction, and operational standards. The code is based on national law to support its reliability. However, it lacks provisions for foreign vessels as well as clear instructions on how to handle non-compliant vessels. There are opportunities to support collecting high-accuracy data as per the requirements of the code. On the other hand, some threats need addressing, such as requirements regarding data privacy and cybersecurity risk assessments, along with the absence of standardised training protocols. However, after analysis, the study found that the code is a force for USVs compliance with operations and data collection. The results will help companies and national authorities around the world make decisions concerning how to regulate and operate autonomous vessels in their maritime waters in the future.