Cultural and Economic Contacts between Mesopotamia and the North Arabian Trade Centres in the First Millennium BC: A Study of Nabonidus’ 10-Year Tenure in Tayma

Abstract

This thesis examines the motivations behind the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus’ decisionThis thesis examines the motivations behind the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus’ decision to relocate the royal court to northern Arabia, specifically the settlement of Tayma. The study further investigates the relationship between Mesopotamia and the northern Arabian Peninsula during the 1st millennium BC, with particular focus on the reign of Nabonidus. Previous research has proposed various reasons for Nabonidus’ move to northern Arabia, but no consensus has been reached on the relative importance of these explanations, nor has a definitive explanation been established for his choice of Tayma as the new location for the royal court. This ambiguity hinders our understanding of the primary motivations behind the move and the nature of the relationship between Mesopotamia and Arabia. Addressing this gap is crucial for comprehending the complex interactions between these regions during the neo-Babylonian era. This research explores the relationships between Mesopotamia and Arabia, identifying the key factor that motivated the king of Babylon to relocate his royal court to Arabia. Employing a mixed methods approach, the research integrates archaeological, textual, and comparative data analyses to investigate the interactions and relationships between these regions during the period under study. The thesis suggests that Nabonidus’ religious convictions, particularly his deep devotion to the moon god Sin and his belief in dreams as divine communications, significantly influenced his decision to move the royal court to northern Arabia. Additionally, trade and commercial exchanges between northern Arabia and Mesopotamia played a significant role in developing their relationship. This facilitated the sharing of goods and arts, leading to a blending of artistic styles and cultural practices. This exchange resulted in the incorporation and dissemination of Mesopotamian artistic styles and motifs into northern Arabia, showcasing a significant interaction and amalgamation of influences.